- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review D

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

Conserved quantities in expanding Gödel cosmology

Alexander Leithes

  • Astronomy Unit, School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom and The Roche School, 11 Frogmore, London, SW18 1HW, United Kingdom

PDF

Phys. Rev. D 113, 043502 – Published 5 February, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/bcdm-3nd7

Abstract

At linear order we study perturbations to a Gödel background spacetime which includes expansion in addition to rotation. We investigate the transformation behavior of these perturbations under gauge transformations and construct gauge-invariant quantities. Using the perturbed energy conservation equation we find that there are conserved quantities in expanding Gödel cosmology, in particular a spatial metric trace perturbation, ζSMTP, which is conserved on large scales for pressureless dust. We finally extend our discussion to a perfect fluid matter content to also obtain conserved quantities in this context.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (23)

  1. L. Shamir, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 538, 1 (2025).
  2. M. Longo, Phys. Lett. B 699, 224 (2011).
  3. Szigeti, E. Balázs, Szapudi, István, Barna, F. Imre, Barnaföldi, and G. Gergely, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 538, 4 (2025).
  4. K. Gödel, Rev. Mod. Phys. 21, 3 (1949).
  5. E. Hubble, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 15, 168 (1929).
  6. Y. Obukhov, arXiv:astro-ph/0008106.
  7. J. M. Bardeen, Phys. Rev. D 22, 1882 (1980).
  8. H. Kodama and M. Sasaki, Prog. Theor. Phys. Suppl. 78, 1 (1984).
  9. D. H. Lyth, Phys. Rev. D 31, 1792 (1985).
  10. A. Friedman, Z. Phys. 10, 377 (1922). [Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 31, 1991 (1999)].
  11. H. Bondi, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 107, 410 (1947).
  12. A. Leithes and K. A. Malik, Classical Quantum Gravity 32, 015010 (2015).
  13. G. F. R. Ellis and H. van Elst, in Theoretical and Observational Cosmology. NATO Science Series, edited by M. Lachièze-Rey (Springer, Dordrecht, 1999), Vol. 541.
  14. R. M. Wald, General Relativity (Chicago University Press, Chicago, 1984), p. 491.
  15. K. Peeters, Comput. Phys. Commun. 176, 550 (2007); Comput. Phys. Commun.arXiv:hep-th/0701238.
  16. K. A. Malik and D. Wands, Phys. Rep. 475, 1 (2009).
  17. D. Wands, K. A. Malik, D. H. Lyth, and A. R. Liddle, Phys. Rev. D 62, 043527 (2000).
  18. K. A. Malik and D. Wands, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 02 (2005) 007.
  19. Lukas Bööhme, Dominik J. Schwarz, Prabhakar Tiwari, Morteza Pashapour-Ahmadabadi, Benedict Bahr-Kalus, Maciej Bilicki, Catherine L. Hale, Caroline S. Heneka, and Thilo M. Siewert, Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 201001 (2025).
  20. Raelyn M. Sullivan and Douglas Scott, The Sixteenth Marcel Grossmann Meeting (World Scientific, Singapore, 2023), pp. 1532–1541.
  21. P. Aluri et al., Classical Quantum Gravity 40, 094001 (2023).
  22. Rohan P. Naidu and Pascal A. Oesch, arXiv:2505.11263.
  23. W. Wang, S. Cantalupo, A. Pensabene et al., Nat. Astron. 9, 710 (2025).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. D 113, 043502– Published 5 February, 2026
  • Received 18 November 2025
  • Accepted 16 January 2026
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation