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  • Open Access

Constraints on metastable superheavy dark matter coupled to sterile neutrinos with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A. Abdul Halim1, P. Abreu2, M. Aglietta3,4, I. Allekotte5, K. Almeida Cheminant6, A. Almela7,8, R. Aloisio9,10, J. Alvarez-Muñiz11, J. Ammerman Yebra11 et al. (The Pierre Auger Collaboration*)

J. Ammerman Yebra11, G. A. Anastasi12,13, L. Anchordoqui14, B. Andrada7, S. Andringa2, L. Apollonio15,16, C. Aramo17, P. R. Araújo Ferreira18, E. Arnone19,4, J. C. Arteaga Velázquez20, P. Assis2, G. Avila21, E. Avocone22,10, A. Bakalova23, F. Barbato9,10, A. Bartz Mocellin24, J. A. Bellido1,25, C. Berat26, M. E. Bertaina19,4, G. Bhatta6, M. Bianciotto19,4, P. L. Biermann27, V. Binet28, K. Bismark29,7, T. Bister30,31, J. Biteau32,33, J. Blazek23, C. Bleve26, J. Blümer34, M. Boháčová23, D. Boncioli22,10, C. Bonifazi35,36, L. Bonneau Arbeletche37, N. Borodai6, J. Brack38, P. G. Brichetto Orchera7, F. L. Briechle18, A. Bueno39, S. Buitink40, M. Buscemi13,41, M. Büsken29,7, A. Bwembya30,31, K. S. Caballero-Mora42, S. Cabana-Freire11, L. Caccianiga15,16, F. Campuzano43, R. Caruso12,13, A. Castellina3,4, F. Catalani44, G. Cataldi45, L. Cazon11, M. Cerda46, A. Cermenati9,10, J. A. Chinellato37, J. Chudoba23, L. Chytka47, R. W. Clay1, A. C. Cobos Cerutti43, R. Colalillo48,17, M. R. Coluccia45, R. Conceição2, A. Condorelli32, G. Consolati16,49, M. Conte50,45, F. Convenga22,10, D. Correia dos Santos51, P. J. Costa2, C. E. Covault52, M. Cristinziani53, C. S. Cruz Sanchez54, S. Dasso55,56, K. Daumiller34, B. R. Dawson1, R. M. de Almeida51, J. de Jesús7,34, S. J. de Jong30,31, J. R. T. de Mello Neto36,57, I. De Mitri9,10, J. de Oliveira58, D. de Oliveira Franco45, F. de Palma50,45, V. de Souza59, B. P. de Souza de Errico36, E. De Vito50,45, A. Del Popolo12,13, O. Deligny60, N. Denner23, L. Deval34,7, A. di Matteo4, M. Dobre61, C. Dobrigkeit37, J. C. D’Olivo62, L. M. Domingues Mendes2,63, Q. Dorosti53, J. C. dos Anjos63, R. C. dos Anjos64, J. Ebr23, F. Ellwanger34, M. Emam30,31, R. Engel29,34, I. Epicoco50,45, M. Erdmann18, A. Etchegoyen7,8, C. Evoli9,10, H. Falcke30,65,31, G. Farrar66, A. C. Fauth37, N. Fazzini67, F. Feldbusch68, F. Fenu34,69, A. Fernandes2, B. Fick70, J. M. Figueira7, A. Filipčič71,72, T. Fitoussi34, B. Flaggs73, T. Fodran30, T. Fujii74,75, A. Fuster7,8, C. Galea30, C. Galelli15,16, B. García43, C. Gaudu76, H. Gemmeke68, F. Gesualdi7,34, A. Gherghel-Lascu61, P. L. Ghia60, U. Giaccari45, J. Glombitza18,77, F. Gobbi46, F. Gollan7, G. Golup5, M. Gómez Berisso5, P. F. Gómez Vitale21, J. P. Gongora21, J. M. González5, N. González7, D. Góra6, A. Gorgi3,4, M. Gottowik11, T. D. Grubb1, F. Guarino48,17, G. P. Guedes78, E. Guido53, L. Gülzow34, S. Hahn29, P. Hamal23, M. R. Hampel7, P. Hansen54, D. Harari5, V. M. Harvey1, A. Haungs34, T. Hebbeker18, C. Hojvat67, J. R. Hörandel30,31, P. Horvath47, M. Hrabovský47, T. Huege34,40, A. Insolia12,13, P. G. Isar79, P. Janecek23, V. Jilek23, J. A. Johnsen24, J. Jurysek23, K.-H. Kampert76, B. Keilhauer34, A. Khakurdikar30, V. V. Kizakke Covilakam7,34, H. O. Klages34, M. Kleifges68, F. Knapp29, J. Köhler34, N. Kunka68, B. L. Lago80, N. Langner18, M. A. Leigui de Oliveira81, Y. Lema-Capeans11, A. Letessier-Selvon82, I. Lhenry-Yvon60, L. Lopes2, L. Lu83, Q. Luce29, J. P. Lundquist72, A. Machado Payeras37, M. Majercakova23, D. Mandat23, B. C. Manning1, P. Mantsch67, F. M. Mariani15,16, A. G. Mariazzi54, I. C. Mariş84, G. Marsella41,13, D. Martello50,45, S. Martinelli34,7, O. Martínez Bravo85, M. A. Martins11, H.-J. Mathes34, J. Matthews86, G. Matthiae87,88, E. Mayotte24,76, S. Mayotte24, P. O. Mazur67, G. Medina-Tanco62, J. Meinert76, D. Melo7, A. Menshikov68, C. Merx34, S. Michal23, M. I. Micheletti28, L. Miramonti15,16, S. Mollerach5, F. Montanet26, L. Morejon76, C. Morello3,4, K. Mulrey30,31, R. Mussa4, W. M. Namasaka76, S. Negi23, L. Nellen62, K. Nguyen70, G. Nicora89, M. Niechciol53, D. Nitz70, D. Nosek90, V. Novotny90, L. Nožka47, A. Nucita50,45, L. A. Núñez91, C. Oliveira59, M. Palatka23, J. Pallotta89, S. Panja23, G. Parente11, T. Paulsen76, J. Pawlowsky76, M. Pech23, J. Pȩkala6, R. Pelayo92, L. A. S. Pereira93, E. E. Pereira Martins29,7, J. Perez Armand94, C. Pérez Bertolli7,34, L. Perrone50,45, S. Petrera9,10, C. Petrucci22,10, T. Pierog34, M. Pimenta2, M. Platino7, B. Pont30, M. Pothast31,30, M. Pourmohammad Shahvar41,13, P. Privitera74, M. Prouza23, S. Querchfeld76, J. Rautenberg76, D. Ravignani7, J. V. Reginatto Akim37, M. Reininghaus29, J. Ridky23, F. Riehn11, M. Risse53, V. Rizi22,10, W. Rodrigues de Carvalho30, E. Rodriguez7,34, J. Rodriguez Rojo21, M. J. Roncoroni7, S. Rossoni95, M. Roth34, E. Roulet5, A. C. Rovero55, P. Ruehl53, A. Saftoiu61, M. Saharan30, F. Salamida22,10, H. Salazar85, G. Salina88, J. D. Sanabria Gomez91, F. Sánchez7, E. M. Santos94, E. Santos23, F. Sarazin24, R. Sarmento2, R. Sato21, P. Savina83, C. M. Schäfer29, V. Scherini50,45, H. Schieler34, M. Schimassek60, M. Schimp76, D. Schmidt34, O. Scholten40,96, H. Schoorlemmer30,31, P. Schovánek23, F. G. Schröder73,34, J. Schulte18, T. Schulz34, S. J. Sciutto54, M. Scornavacche7,34, A. Sedoski7, A. Segreto97,13, S. Sehgal76, S. U. Shivashankara72, G. Sigl95, G. Silli7, O. Sima61,98, K. Simkova40, F. Simon68, R. Smau61, R. Šmída74, P. Sommers99, J. F. Soriano14, R. Squartini46, M. Stadelmaier16,15,34, S. Stanič72, J. Stasielak6, P. Stassi26, S. Strähnz29, M. Straub18, T. Suomijärvi32, A. D. Supanitsky7, Z. Svozilikova23, Z. Szadkowski100, F. Tairli1, A. Tapia101, C. Taricco19,4, C. Timmermans31,30, O. Tkachenko34, P. Tobiska23, C. J. Todero Peixoto44, B. Tomé2, Z. Torrès26, A. Travaini46, P. Travnicek23, C. Trimarelli22,10, M. Tueros54, M. Unger34, L. Vaclavek47, M. Vacula47, J. F. Valdés Galicia62, L. Valore48,17, E. Varela85, A. Vásquez-Ramírez91, D. Veberič34, C. Ventura57, I. D. Vergara Quispe54, V. Verzi88, J. Vicha23, J. Vink102, S. Vorobiov72, C. Watanabe36, A. A. Watson103, A. Weindl34, L. Wiencke24, H. Wilczyński6, D. Wittkowski76, B. Wundheiler7, B. Yue76, A. Yushkov23, O. Zapparrata84, E. Zas11, D. Zavrtanik72,71, and M. Zavrtanik71,72 (The Pierre Auger Collaboration*)

  • 1University of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., Australia
  • 2Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa—UL, Lisbon, Portugal
  • 3Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy
  • 4INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
  • 5Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
  • 6Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
  • 7Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • 8Universidad Tecnológica Nacional—Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • 9Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila, Italy
  • 10INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi, L’Aquila, Italy
  • 11Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
  • 12Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Ettore Majorana”, Catania, Italy
  • 13INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
  • 14Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
  • 15Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milan, Italy
  • 16INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milan, Italy
  • 17INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Naples, Italy
  • 18RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
  • 19Università Torino, Dipartimento di Fisica, Torino, Italy
  • 20Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
  • 21Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
  • 22Università dell’Aquila, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L’Aquila, Italy
  • 23Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
  • 24Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
  • 25Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Formales, Arequipa, Peru
  • 26Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
  • 27Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany
  • 28Instituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR)—CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas U.N.R., Rosario, Argentina
  • 29Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
  • 30IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
  • 31Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
  • 32Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
  • 33Institut universitaire de France (IUF), France
  • 34Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
  • 35International Center of Advanced Studies and Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, ECyT-UNSAM and CONICET, Campus Miguelete—San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • 36Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  • 37Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), IFGW, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
  • 38Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
  • 39Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, Spain
  • 40Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
  • 41Università di Palermo, Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica “E. Segrè”, Palermo, Italy
  • 42Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico
  • 43Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), and Universidad Tecnológica Nacional—Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, Argentina
  • 44Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
  • 45INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
  • 46Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
  • 47Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
  • 48Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Dipartimento di Fisica “Ettore Pancini”, Naples, Italy
  • 49Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Aerospaziali, Milan, Italy
  • 50Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi”, Lecce, Italy
  • 51Universidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  • 52Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
  • 53Universität Siegen, Department Physik—Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
  • 54IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
  • 55Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • 56Departamento de Física and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • 57Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Observatório do Valongo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  • 58Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Brazil
  • 59Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
  • 60CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
  • 61“Horia Hulubei” National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
  • 62Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
  • 63Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  • 64Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Palotina, Brazil
  • 65Stichting Astronomisch Onderzoek in Nederland (ASTRON), Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
  • 66New York University, New York, New York, USA
  • 67Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
  • 68Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
  • 69now at Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI). Via del Politecnico 00133, Rome, Italy
  • 70Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
  • 71Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
  • 72Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
  • 73University of Delaware, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, Newark, Delaware, USA
  • 74University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
  • 75now at Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
  • 76Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
  • 77ECAP, Erlangen, Germany
  • 78Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
  • 79Institute of Space Science, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
  • 80Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca, Petropolis, Brazil
  • 81Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
  • 82Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
  • 83University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Physics and WIPAC, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
  • 84Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
  • 85Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
  • 86Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
  • 87Università di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Dipartimento di Fisica, Rome, Italy
  • 88INFN, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
  • 89Laboratorio Atmósfera—Departamento de Investigaciones en Láseres y sus Aplicaciones—UNIDEF (CITEDEF-CONICET), Argentina
  • 90Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
  • 91Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
  • 92Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (UPIITA-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
  • 93Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Centro de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Campina Grande, Brazil
  • 94Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, Brazil
  • 95Universität Hamburg, II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Hamburg, Germany
  • 96also at Kapteyn Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
  • 97Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo (INAF), Palermo, Italy
  • 98also at University of Bucharest, Physics Department, Bucharest, Romania
  • 99Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
  • 100University of Łódź, Faculty of High-Energy Astrophysics, Łódź, Poland
  • 101Universidad de Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
  • 102Universiteit van Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
  • 103School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom

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Phys. Rev. D 109, L081101 – Published 8 April, 2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.109.L081101

Abstract

Dark matter particles could be superheavy, provided their lifetime is much longer than the age of the Universe. Using the sensitivity of the Pierre Auger Observatory to ultrahigh energy neutrinos and photons, we constrain a specific extension of the Standard Model of particle physics that meets the lifetime requirement for a superheavy particle by coupling it to a sector of ultralight sterile neutrinos. Our results show that, for a typical dark coupling constant of 0.1, the mixing angle θm between active and sterile neutrinos must satisfy, roughly, θm≲1.5×10−6(MX/109  GeV)−2 for a mass MX of the dark-matter particle between 108  GeV and 1011  GeV.

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Phys. Rev. D 109, L081101– Published 8 April, 2024
  • Received 13 November 2023
  • Accepted 13 March 2024
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