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Heavy-flavor transport and hadronization in pp collisions

Andrea Beraudo1,*, Arturo De Pace1, Daniel Pablos1,2,3, Francesco Prino1, Marco Monteno1, and Marzia Nardi1

  • 1INFN—Sezione di Torino, via Pietro Giuria 1, I-10125 Torino
  • 2Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Federico García Lorca 18, 33007 Oviedo, Spain
  • 3Instituto Universitario de Ciencias y Tecnologías Espaciales de Asturias (ICTEA), Calle de la Independencia 13, 33004 Oviedo, Spain

  • *beraudo@to.infn.it
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Phys. Rev. D 109, L011501 – Published 9 January, 2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.109.L011501

Abstract

Recent experimental results on the Λc+/D0 ratio in proton-proton (pp) collisions have revealed a significant enhancement compared to expectations based on universal fragmentation fractions/functions across different colliding systems, from e+e− to pp. This unexpected enhancement has sparked speculation about the potential effects of a deconfined medium impacting hadronization, previously considered exclusive to heavy-ion collisions. In this study, we propose a novel approach that assumes the formation of a small, deconfined, and expanding fireball even in pp collisions, where charm quarks can undergo rescattering and hadronization. We make use of the same in-medium hadronization mechanism developed for heavy-ion collisions, which involves local color-neutralization through recombination of charm quarks with nearby opposite color charges from the background fireball. Our model incorporates the presence of diquark excitations in the hot medium, which promotes the formation of charmed baryons. Moreover, the recombination process, involving closely aligned partons from the same fluid cell, effectively transfers the collective flow of the system to the final charmed hadrons. We show that this framework can qualitatively reproduce the observed experimental findings in heavy-flavor particle-yield ratios, pT-spectra and elliptic-flow coefficients. Our results provide new, complementary supporting evidence that the collective phenomena observed in small systems naturally have the same origin as those observed in heavy-ion collisions.

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Phys. Rev. D 109, L011501– Published 9 January, 2024
  • Received 12 June 2023
  • Accepted 13 December 2023
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