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Relativistic drag forces on black holes from scalar dark matter clouds of all sizes

Dina Traykova1, Rodrigo Vicente2, Katy Clough3, Thomas Helfer4, Emanuele Berti4, Pedro G. Ferreira5, and Lam Hui6

  • 1Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
  • 2Institut de Fisica d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
  • 3School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
  • 4Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
  • 5Astrophysics, University of Oxford, DWB, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
  • 6Center for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA

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Phys. Rev. D 108, L121502 – Published 14 December, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.108.L121502

Abstract

We use numerical simulations of scalar field dark matter evolving on a moving black hole background to confirm the regime of validity of (semi)analytic expressions derived from first principles for both dynamical friction and momentum accretion in the relativistic regime. We cover both small and large clouds (relative to the de Broglie wavelength of the scalars), and light and heavy particle masses (relative to the black hole size). In the case of a small dark matter cloud, the effect of accretion is a non-negligible contribution to the total force on the black hole, even for small scalar masses. We confirm that this momentum accretion transitions between two regimes (wave and particlelike) and we identify the mass of the scalar at which the transition between regimes occurs.

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Phys. Rev. D 108, L121502– Published 14 December, 2023
  • Received 26 May 2023
  • Accepted 19 September 2023
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Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Open access publication funded by the Max Planck Society.

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