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  • Letter

Hydrodynamic sound shell model

Rong-Gen Cai1,2,4,†, Shao-Jiang Wang2,‡, and Zi-Yan Yuwen2,3,*

  • 1School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
  • 2CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 3School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 4School of Fundamental Physics and Mathematical Sciences, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China

  • *Corresponding author. yuwenziyan@itp.ac.cn
  • †cairg@itp.ac.cn
  • ‡schwang@itp.ac.cn
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Phys. Rev. D 108, L021502 – Published 14 July, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.108.L021502

Abstract

For a cosmological first-order phase transition in the early Universe, the associated stochastic gravitational wave background is usually dominated by sound waves from plasma fluid motions, which have been analytically modeled as a random superposition of freely propagating sound shells but with the force by the scalar field that produces the self-similar profile removed. In this Letter, we propose a new analytic sound shell model by focusing on the forced propagating contribution from the initial collision stage of sound shells when their self-similar profiles are still maintained by the moving bubble walls. We reproduce the causal k3 scaling in the infrared consistent with numerical simulations, and also recover the broad dome in the power spectrum first observed in numerical simulations. The total sound waves should contain both contributions from forced collisions and free propagation of sound shells at early and late stages of the phase transition, respectively.

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Phys. Rev. D 108, L021502– Published 14 July, 2023
  • Received 8 May 2023
  • Accepted 26 June 2023
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