- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review D

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

Radiative correction from secret neutrino interactions and implications for neutrino-scattering experiments

Saeid Foroughi-Abari1, Kevin J. Kelly2, and Yue Zhang1

  • 1Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
  • 2Department of Physics and Astronomy, Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA

PDF

Phys. Rev. D 113, 075030 – Published 20 April, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/9lrf-pw2b

Abstract

New, neutrinophilic mediators are one potential extension beyond the Standard Model of particle physics. Often, studies of a neutrinophilic mediator consist of searching for direct evidence of its production and/or its tree-level virtual effect for generating strong neutrino self-interaction. In this work, we focus instead on the fact that such new mediators also lead to deviations in neutrino-matter scattering via radiative corrections. With a mediator mass well below the electroweak scale, these effects are potentially observable in a variety of contexts, including coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering, neutrino deeply inelastic scattering, and neutrino-electron scattering (e.g., at Borexino). Additionally, such effects lead to new contributions to the Z-boson decay width and to nonstandard neutrino interactions relevant for long-baseline oscillation experiments. We explore all of these scenarios in some depth, building on the rich phenomenology associated with neutrinophilic mediators.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (117)

  1. A. De Gouvêa, M. Sen, W. Tangarife, and Y. Zhang, Dodelson-Widrow mechanism in the presence of self-interacting neutrinos, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 081802 (2020).
  2. K. J. Kelly, M. Sen, W. Tangarife, and Y. Zhang, Origin of sterile neutrino dark matter via secret neutrino interactions with vector bosons, Phys. Rev. D 101, 115031 (2020).
  3. K. J. Kelly, M. Sen, and Y. Zhang, Intimate relationship between sterile neutrino dark matter and ΔNeff, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 041101 (2021).
  4. R. An, V. Gluscevic, E. O. Nadler, and Y. Zhang, Can neutrino self-interactions save sterile neutrino dark matter?, Astrophys. J. Lett. 954, L18 (2023).
  5. C. D. Kreisch, F.-Y. Cyr-Racine, and O. Doré, Neutrino puzzle: Anomalies, interactions, and cosmological tensions, Phys. Rev. D 101, 123505 (2020).
  6. M. Park, C. D. Kreisch, J. Dunkley, B. Hadzhiyska, and F.-Y. Cyr-Racine, ΛCDM or self-interacting neutrinos: How CMB data can tell the two models apart, Phys. Rev. D 100, 063524 (2019).
  7. A. Das and S. Ghosh, Flavor-specific interaction favors strong neutrino self-coupling in the early universe, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 07 (2021) 038.
  8. A. He, R. An, M. M. Ivanov, and V. Gluscevic, Self-interacting neutrinos in light of large-scale structure data, Phys. Rev. D 109, 103527 (2024).
  9. D. Camarena, F.-Y. Cyr-Racine, and J. Houghteling, Confronting self-interacting neutrinos with the full shape of the galaxy power spectrum, Phys. Rev. D 108, 103535 (2023).
  10. A. Das and S. Ghosh, The magnificent ACT of flavor-specific neutrino self-interaction, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 09 (2023) 042.
  11. D. Camarena and F.-Y. Cyr-Racine, Strong constraints on a simple self-interacting neutrino cosmology, Phys. Rev. D 111, 023504 (2025).
  12. S. Pal, R. Samanta, and S. Pal, Exploring neutrino interactions in light of present and upcoming galaxy survey, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 03 (2025) 047.
  13. D. Racco, P. Zhang, and H. Zheng, Neutrino masses from large-scale structures: Future sensitivity and theory dependence, Phys. Dark Universe 47, 101803 (2025).
  14. D. Y. Bardin, S. M. Bilenky, and B. Pontecorvo, On the nu-nu interaction, Phys. Lett. 32B, 121 (1970).
  15. V. D. Barger, W.-Y. Keung, and S. Pakvasa, Majoron emission by neutrinos, Phys. Rev. D 25, 907 (1982).
  16. J. F. Beacom and N. F. Bell, Do solar neutrinos decay?, Phys. Rev. D 65, 113009 (2002).
  17. R. Laha, B. Dasgupta, and J. F. Beacom, Constraints on new neutrino interactions via light Abelian vector bosons, Phys. Rev. D 89, 093025 (2014).
  18. K. Ioka and K. Murase, IceCube PeV–EeV neutrinos and secret interactions of neutrinos, Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys. 2014, 61E01 (2014).
  19. K. C. Y. Ng and J. F. Beacom, Cosmic neutrino cascades from secret neutrino interactions, Phys. Rev. D 90, 065035 (2014); 90, 089904(E) (2014).
  20. F. Forastieri, M. Lattanzi, and P. Natoli, Constraints on secret neutrino interactions after Planck, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 07 (2015) 014.
  21. R. Picoreti, M. M. Guzzo, P. C. de Holanda, and O. L. G. Peres, Neutrino decay and solar neutrino seasonal effect, Phys. Lett. B 761, 70 (2016).
  22. I. M. Shoemaker and K. Murase, Probing BSM neutrino physics with flavor and spectral distortions: Prospects for future high-energy neutrino telescopes, Phys. Rev. D 93, 085004 (2016).
  23. L. Heurtier and Y. Zhang, Supernova constraints on massive (pseudo)scalar coupling to neutrinos, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 02 (2017) 042.
  24. A. Das, A. Dighe, and M. Sen, New effects of non-standard self-interactions of neutrinos in a supernova, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 05 (2017) 051.
  25. G.-y. Huang, T. Ohlsson, and S. Zhou, Observational constraints on secret neutrino interactions from big bang nucleosynthesis, Phys. Rev. D 97, 075009 (2018).
  26. J. M. Berryman, A. De Gouvêa, K. J. Kelly, and Y. Zhang, Lepton-number-charged scalars and neutrino beamstrahlung, Phys. Rev. D 97, 075030 (2018).
  27. K. Blum, Y. Nir, and M. Shavit, Neutrinoless double-beta decay with massive scalar emission, Phys. Lett. B 785, 354 (2018).
  28. T. Brune and H. Päs, Massive Majorons and constraints on the Majoron-neutrino coupling, Phys. Rev. D 99, 096005 (2019).
  29. K. J. Kelly and Y. Zhang, Mononeutrino at DUNE: New signals from neutrinophilic thermal dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 99, 055034 (2019).
  30. F. Forastieri, M. Lattanzi, and P. Natoli, Cosmological constraints on neutrino self-interactions with a light mediator, Phys. Rev. D 100, 103526 (2019).
  31. L. Funcke, G. Raffelt, and E. Vitagliano, Distinguishing Dirac and Majorana neutrinos by their decays via Nambu-Goldstone bosons in the gravitational-anomaly model of neutrino masses, Phys. Rev. D 101, 015025 (2020).
  32. N. Blinov, K. J. Kelly, G. Z. Krnjaic, and S. D. McDermott, Constraining the self-interacting neutrino interpretation of the Hubble tension, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 191102 (2019).
  33. A. de Gouvêa, P. S. B. Dev, B. Dutta, T. Ghosh, T. Han, and Y. Zhang, Leptonic scalars at the LHC, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2020) 142.
  34. S. Shalgar, I. Tamborra, and M. Bustamante, Core-collapse supernovae stymie secret neutrino interactions, Phys. Rev. D 103, 123008 (2021).
  35. M. Escudero Abenza, Precision early universe thermodynamics made simple: Neff and neutrino decoupling in the Standard Model and beyond, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 05 (2020) 048.
  36. M. Bustamante, C. Rosenstrøm, S. Shalgar, and I. Tamborra, Bounds on secret neutrino interactions from high-energy astrophysical neutrinos, Phys. Rev. D 101, 123024 (2020).
  37. E. Grohs, G. M. Fuller, and M. Sen, Consequences of neutrino self interactions for weak decoupling and big bang nucleosynthesis, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 07 (2020) 001.
  38. V. Brdar, M. Lindner, S. Vogl, and X.-J. Xu, Revisiting neutrino self-interaction constraints from Z and τ decays, Phys. Rev. D 101, 115001 (2020).
  39. K.-F. Lyu, E. Stamou, and L.-T. Wang, Self-interacting neutrinos: Solution to Hubble tension versus experimental constraints, Phys. Rev. D 103, 015004 (2021).
  40. F. F. Deppisch, L. Graf, W. Rodejohann, and X.-J. Xu, Neutrino self-interactions and double beta decay, Phys. Rev. D 102, 051701 (2020).
  41. S. Reddy and D. Zhou, Dark lepton superfluid in protoneutron stars, Phys. Rev. D 105, 023026 (2022).
  42. I. Esteban, S. Pandey, V. Brdar, and J. F. Beacom, Probing secret interactions of astrophysical neutrinos in the high-statistics era, Phys. Rev. D 104, 123014 (2021).
  43. R. Picoreti, D. Pramanik, P. C. de Holanda, and O. L. G. Peres, Updating ν3 lifetime from solar antineutrino spectra, Phys. Rev. D 106, 015025 (2022).
  44. S.-F. Ge and P. Pasquini, Probing light mediators in the radiative emission of neutrino pair, Eur. Phys. J. C 82, 208 (2022).
  45. C. Chichiri, G. B. Gelmini, P. Lu, and V. Takhistov, Cosmological dependence of sterile neutrino dark matter with self-interacting neutrinos, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 09 (2022) 036.
  46. K. J. Kelly, F. Kling, D. Tuckler, and Y. Zhang, Probing neutrino-portal dark matter at the Forward Physics Facility, Phys. Rev. D 105, 075026 (2022).
  47. A. Y. Smirnov and X.-J. Xu, Neutrino bound states and bound systems, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2022) 170.
  48. J. M. Berryman et al., Neutrino self-interactions: A white paper, Phys. Dark Universe 42, 101267 (2023).
  49. A. de Gouvêa, M. Sen, and J. Weill, Visible neutrino decays and the impact of the daughter-neutrino mass, Phys. Rev. D 106, 013005 (2022).
  50. A. Das, Y. F. Perez-Gonzalez, and M. Sen, Neutrino secret self-interactions: A booster shot for the cosmic neutrino background, Phys. Rev. D 106, 095042 (2022).
  51. K. Akita, S. H. Im, and M. Masud, Probing non-standard neutrino interactions with a light boson from next galactic and diffuse supernova neutrinos, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2022) 050.
  52. P.-W. Chang, I. Esteban, J. F. Beacom, T. A. Thompson, and C. M. Hirata, Toward powerful probes of neutrino self-interactions in supernovae, Phys. Rev. Lett. 131, 071002 (2023).
  53. Y.-M. Chen, M. Sen, W. Tangarife, D. Tuckler, and Y. Zhang, Core-collapse supernova constraint on the origin of sterile neutrino dark matter via neutrino self-interactions, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 11 (2022) 014.
  54. D. F. G. Fiorillo, G. G. Raffelt, and E. Vitagliano, Strong supernova 1987A constraints on bosons decaying to neutrinos, Phys. Rev. Lett. 131, 021001 (2023).
  55. N. M. Coyle, S. W. Li, and P. A. N. Machado, The impact of neutrino-nucleus interaction modeling on new physics searches, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2022) 166.
  56. C. Döring and S. Vogl, Testing secret interaction with astrophysical neutrino point sources, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 07 (2024) 015.
  57. S. Sandner, M. Escudero, and S. J. Witte, Precision CMB constraints on eV-scale bosons coupled to neutrinos, Eur. Phys. J. C 83, 709 (2023).
  58. J. M. Hyde, Constraints on neutrino self-interactions from IceCube observation of NGC 1068, arXiv:2307.02361.
  59. S.-P. Li and X.-J. Xu, Neff constraints on light mediators coupled to neutrinos: The dilution-resistant effect, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2023) 012.
  60. D. F. G. Fiorillo, G. G. Raffelt, and E. Vitagliano, Large neutrino secret interactions have a small impact on supernovae, Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 021002 (2024).
  61. D. F. G. Fiorillo, G. G. Raffelt, and E. Vitagliano, Supernova emission of secretly interacting neutrino fluid: Theoretical foundations, Phys. Rev. D 109, 023017 (2024).
  62. Q.-f. Wu and X.-J. Xu, Shedding light on neutrino self-interactions with solar antineutrino searches, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 02 (2024) 037.
  63. L. Gráf, S. Jana, O. Scholer, and N. Volmer, Neutrinoless double beta decay without vacuum Majorana neutrino mass, Phys. Lett. B 859, 139111 (2024).
  64. B. Telalovic, D. F. G. Fiorillo, P. Martínez-Miravé, E. Vitagliano, and M. Bustamante, The next galactic supernova can uncover mass and couplings of particles decaying to neutrinos, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 11 (2024) 011.
  65. J. Huang and S. Zhou, Helicity-changing decays of cosmological relic neutrinos, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 09 (2024) 067.
  66. P. S. B. Dev, D. Kim, D. Sathyan, K. Sinha, and Y. Zhang, New laboratory constraints on neutrinophilic mediators, Phys. Lett. B 868, 139765 (2025).
  67. W. Bai, J. Liao, and H. Liu, Constraining neutrinophilic mediators at FASERν, FLArE, and FASERν2, Phys. Rev. D 110, 115031 (2024).
  68. Y. Zhang, Neutrino self-interaction and weak mixing angle measurements, Phys. Rev. D 112, 035027 (2025).
  69. J. Adhikary, K. J. Kelly, F. Kling, and S. Trojanowski, Neutrino-portal dark matter detection prospects at a future muon collider, Phys. Rev. D 111, 075019 (2025).
  70. H. Liu and D. Ueda, Searching for neutrino self-interactions at future muon colliders, Phys. Lett. B 868, 139748 (2025).
  71. S. Foroughi-Abari, K. J. Kelly, M. Rai, and Y. Zhang, Enabling strong neutrino self-interaction with an unparticle mediator, Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 181001 (2025).
  72. I. R. Wang, X.-J. Xu, and B. Zhou, Widen the resonance: Probing a new regime of neutrino self-interactions with astrophysical neutrinos, Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 181002 (2025).
  73. G. Montefalcone, B. Wallisch, and K. Freese, Free-streaming neutrinos and their phase shift in current and future CMB power spectra, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 08 (2025) 051.
  74. L. P. S. Leal, D. Naredo-Tuero, and R. Z. Funchal, Cosmogenic neutrinos as probes of new physics, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2025) 057.
  75. Y. He, J. Liu, X.-P. Wang, and Y.-M. Zhong, Implications of the KM3NeT ultrahigh-energy event on neutrino self-interactions, Phys. Rev. D 113, 043022 (2026).
  76. A. Das, P. S. B. Dev, C. Gao, S. Ghosh, and T. Kim, Impostor among νs: Dark radiation masquerading as self-interacting neutrinos, arXiv:2506.08085.
  77. P. S. B. Dev, D. Kim, D. Sathyan, K. Sinha, and Y. Zhang, New constraints on neutrino-dark matter interactions: A comprehensive analysis, arXiv:2507.01000.
  78. F. Kling, Y. Ma, K. Mękała, J. Reuter, and Z. Tabrizi, Non-standard neutrino interactions at a muon collider neutrino detector, arXiv:2508.00761.
  79. G. Montefalcone, H. A. G. Cruz, J. B. Munoz, E. D. Kovetz, and M. Kamionkowski, Tracing the neutrino-induced phase shift in the 21-cm spectrum, Phys. Rev. D 113, 063556 (2026).
  80. C. M. Vogel, H. García Escudero, and K. N. Abazajian, Cosmic structure strikes back: The elimination of vector-mediated nonstandard interaction models as a mechanism for sterile neutrino dark matter production, Phys. Rev. D 112, 123022 (2025).
  81. G. Montefalcone, S. Ghosh, K. K. Boddy, D. W. R. Ho, and Y. Tsai, Directly probing neutrino interactions through CMB phase shift measurements, Phys. Rev. D 113, 023540 (2026).
  82. F. Bonnet, M. Hirsch, T. Ota, and W. Winter, Systematic study of the d=5 Weinberg operator at one-loop order, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2012) 153.
  83. D. Aristizabal Sierra, A. Degee, L. Dorame, and M. Hirsch, Systematic classification of two-loop realizations of the Weinberg operator, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2015) 040.
  84. S. Navas et al. (Particle Data Group), Review of particle physics, Phys. Rev. D 110, 030001 (2024).
  85. A. Melfo, M. Nemevsek, F. Nesti, G. Senjanovic, and Y. Zhang, Type II seesaw at LHC: The roadmap, Phys. Rev. D 85, 055018 (2012).
  86. K. S. Kumar, S. Mantry, W. J. Marciano, and P. A. Souder, Low energy measurements of the weak mixing angle, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 63, 237 (2013).
  87. G. P. Zeller et al. (NuTeV Collaboration), A precise determination of electroweak parameters in neutrino nucleon scattering, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 091802 (2002); 90, 239902(E) (2003).
  88. G. P. Zeller et al. (NuTeV Collaboration), A measurement of sin**2 theta(W) in neutrino N scattering from NuTeV, in American Physical Society (APS) Meeting of the Division of Particles and Fields (DPF 99) (1999), arXiv:hep-ex/9906024.
  89. E. A. Paschos and L. Wolfenstein, Tests for neutral currents in neutrino reactions, Phys. Rev. D 7, 91 (1973).
  90. V. De Romeri, O. G. Miranda, D. K. Papoulias, G. Sanchez Garcia, M. Tórtola, and J. W. F. Valle, Physics implications of a combined analysis of COHERENT CsI and LAr data, J. High Energy Phys. 04 (2023) 035.
  91. D. Aristizabal Sierra, V. De Romeri, and D. K. Papoulias, Consequences of the Dresden-II reactor data for the weak mixing angle and new physics, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2022) 076.
  92. D. Akimov et al. (COHERENT Collaboration), Observation of coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering, Science 357, 1123 (2017).
  93. A. de Gouvea, P. A. N. Machado, Y. F. Perez-Gonzalez, and Z. Tabrizi, Measuring the weak mixing angle in the DUNE near detector complex, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 051803 (2020).
  94. G. F. S. Alves, A. P. Ferreira, S. W. Li, P. A. N. Machado, and Y. F. Perez-Gonzalez, Measuring the weak mixing angle at SBND, arXiv:2409.07430.
  95. A. de Gouvêa and A. Thompson, Electroweak observables in neutrino-electron scattering from a muon storage ring, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2025) 098.
  96. S. Schael et al. (ALEPH, DELPHI, L3, OPAL, SLD, LEP Electroweak Working Group, SLD Electroweak Group, SLD Heavy Flavour Group Collaborations), Precision electroweak measurements on the Z resonance, Phys. Rep. 427, 257 (2006).
  97. P. Coloma, M. C. Gonzalez-Garcia, M. Maltoni, J. P. Pinheiro, and S. Urrea, Global constraints on non-standard neutrino interactions with quarks and electrons, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2023) 032.
  98. G. Mitsuka et al. (Super-Kamiokande Collaboration), Study of non-standard neutrino interactions with atmospheric neutrino data in Super-Kamiokande I and II, Phys. Rev. D 84, 113008 (2011).
  99. L. Wolfenstein, Neutrino oscillations in matter, Phys. Rev. D 17, 2369 (1978).
  100. S. P. Mikheyev and A. Y. Smirnov, Resonance amplification of oscillations in matter and spectroscopy of solar neutrinos, Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 42, 913 (1985), https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5714592.
  101. T. Ohlsson, Status of non-standard neutrino interactions, Rep. Prog. Phys. 76, 044201 (2013).
  102. M. Agostini et al. (BOREXINO Collaboration), Comprehensive measurement of pp-chain solar neutrinos, Nature (London) 562, 505 (2018).
  103. S. Appel et al. (BOREXINO Collaboration), Improved measurement of solar neutrinos from the carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle by borexino and its implications for the standard solar model, Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 252701 (2022).
  104. M. C. Gonzalez-Garcia, M. Maltoni, J. P. Pinheiro, and A. M. Serenelli, Status of direct determination of solar neutrino fluxes after Borexino, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2024) 064.
  105. P. Coloma, M. C. Gonzalez-Garcia, M. Maltoni, J. P. Pinheiro, and S. Urrea, Constraining new physics with Borexino Phase-II spectral data, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2022) 138; 11 (2022) 138(E).
  106. K. J. Kelly, N. Mishra, M. Rai, and L. E. Strigari, νμ and ντ elastic scattering in Borexino, Phys. Rev. D 110, 113004 (2024).
  107. O. Tomalak and R. J. Hill, Theory of elastic neutrino-electron scattering, Phys. Rev. D 101, 033006 (2020).
  108. I. Esteban, M. C. Gonzalez-Garcia, M. Maltoni, T. Schwetz, and A. Zhou, The fate of hints: Updated global analysis of three-flavor neutrino oscillations, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2020) 178.
  109. N. Mishra and L. E. Strigari, Solar neutrinos with CEνNS and flavor-dependent radiative corrections, Phys. Rev. D 108, 063023 (2023).
  110. M. Agostini et al. (Borexino Collaboration), First simultaneous precision spectroscopy of pp, Be7, and pep solar neutrinos with Borexino Phase II, Phys. Rev. D 100, 082004 (2019).
  111. N. Grevesse and A. J. Sauval, Standard solar composition, Space Sci. Rev. 85, 161 (1998).
  112. B. Acharya et al., Solar fusion III: New data and theory for hydrogen-burning stars, Rev. Mod. Phys. 97, 035002 (2025).
  113. J. Bergstrom, M. C. Gonzalez-Garcia, M. Maltoni, C. Pena-Garay, A. M. Serenelli, and N. Song, Updated determination of the solar neutrino fluxes from solar neutrino data, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2016) 132.
  114. H. G. Escudero and K. N. Abazajian, Status of neutrino cosmology: Standard ΛCDM, extensions, and tensions, Phys. Rev. D 111, 043520 (2025).
  115. https://alliancecan.ca
  116. N. Vinyoles, A. M. Serenelli, F. L. Villante, S. Basu, J. Bergström, M. C. Gonzalez-Garcia, M. Maltoni, C. Peña-Garay, and N. Song, A new generation of standard solar models, Astrophys. J. 835, 202 (2017).
  117. J. N. Bahcall, The Luminosity constraint on solar neutrino fluxes, Phys. Rev. C 65, 025801 (2002).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. D 113, 075030– Published 20 April, 2026
  • Received 8 November 2025
  • Accepted 10 March 2026
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation