Open Access

Probing cosmic velocities with the pairwise kinematic Sunyaev-Zel’dovich signal in DESI Bright Galaxy Sample DR1 and ACT DR6

B. Hadzhiyska ^1,2,*, Y. Gong ³, Y. Hsu ^4,5, P. A. Gallardo ⁶, J. Aguilar ⁷, S. Ahlen ⁸, D. Alonso ⁹, R. Bean ³, D. Bianchi ^10,11 et al.

D. Brooks ¹², F. J. Castander ^13,14, T. Claybaugh⁷, S. Cole¹⁵, A. Cuceu ⁷, A. de la Macorra ¹⁶, Arjun Dey ¹⁷, S. Ferraro ^7,18, A. Font-Ribera ¹⁹, J. E. Forero-Romero ^20,21, S. Gontcho A. Gontcho^7,22, G. Gutierrez²³, J. Guy⁷, H. K. Herrera-Alcantar ^24,25, C. Howlett ²⁶, D. Huterer ^27,28, M. Ishak ²⁹, R. Joyce ¹⁷, T. Kisner⁷, A. Kremin ⁷, M. Landriau⁷, L. Le Guillou ³⁰, M. E. Levi ⁷, M. Manera ^31,19, A. Meisner ¹⁷, R. Miquel ^32,19, K. Moodley ³³, T. Mroczkowski ³⁴, S. Nadathur ³⁵, N. Palanque-Delabrouille^25,7, W. J. Percival ^36,37,38, F. Prada³⁹, F. J. Qu^40,41, I. Pérez-Ràfols ⁴², B. Ried Guachalla ^43,44,45, G. Rossi⁴⁶, E. Sanchez ⁴⁷, E. Schaan ^44,45, D. Schlegel ⁷, M. Schubnell ^27,28, H. Seo ⁴⁸, C. Sifón ⁴⁹, J. Silber⁷, D. Sprayberry¹⁷, G. Tarlé ²⁸, E. M. Vavagiakis ⁵⁰, B. A. Weaver¹⁷, R. Zhou ⁷, and H. Zou ⁵¹

¹Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
²Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
³Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
⁴University Observatory, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 Munich, Germany
⁵Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Giessenbachstrasse 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
⁶Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
⁷Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
⁸Department of Physics, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215 USA
⁹Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
¹⁰Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milan, Italy
¹¹INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milan, Italy
¹²Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
¹³Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), c/ Esteve Terradas 1, Edifici RDIT, Campus PMT-UPC, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
¹⁴Institute of Space Sciences, ICE-CSIC, Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans s/n, 08913 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
¹⁵Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kinkdom
¹⁶Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito de la Investigación Científica, Ciudad Univ ersitaria, Cd. de México C. P. 04510, México
¹⁷NSF NOIRLab, 950 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA
¹⁸University of California, Berkeley, 110 Sproul Hall #5800 Berkeley, California 94720, USA
¹⁹Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Edifici Cn, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellate rra (Barcelona), Spain
²⁰Departamento de Física, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1 No. 18A-10, Edificio Ip, CP 111711, Bogotá, Colombia
²¹Observatorio Astronómico, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1 No. 18A-10, Edificio H, CP 111711 Bogotá, Colombia
²²University of Virginia, Department of Astronomy, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
²³Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, PO Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
²⁴Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
²⁵IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
²⁶School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
²⁷Department of Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
²⁸University of Michigan, 500 S. State Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
²⁹Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
³⁰Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), FR-75005 Paris, France
³¹Departament de Física, Serra Húnter, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
³²Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
³³Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
³⁴Institute of Space Sciences (CSIC-ICE), Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
³⁵Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Dennis Sciama Building, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
³⁶Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
³⁷Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline St. North, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
³⁸Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
³⁹Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía, s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
⁴⁰Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
⁴¹Department of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
⁴²Departament de Física, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, c/Eduard Maristany 10, 08930 Barcelona, Spain
⁴³Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4085, USA
⁴⁴Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, 382 Via Pueblo Mall Stanford, California 94305-4060, USA
⁴⁵SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 2575 Sand Hill Road Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
⁴⁶Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
⁴⁷CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense 40, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
⁴⁸Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University, 139 University Terrace, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
⁴⁹Instituto de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Casilla 4059, Valparaíso, Chile
⁵⁰Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
⁵¹National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, A20 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People’s Republic of China

^*Contact author: boryanah@ast.cam.ac.uk

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Phys. Rev. D 113, 063565 – Published 25 March, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/9h6g-gxdn

Abstract

We present a measurement of the pairwise kinematic Sunyaev-Zel’dovich (kSZ) signal using the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) Bright Galaxy Sample (BGS) Data Release 1 (DR1) galaxy sample overlapping with the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) CMB temperature map. Our analysis makes use of 1.6 million galaxies with stellar masses $\log M_{⋆} / M_{⊙} > 10$ , and we explore measurements across a range of aperture sizes ( ${2.1}^{'} < θ_{ap} < {3.5}^{'}$ ) and stellar mass selections. This statistic directly probes the velocity field of the large-scale structure, a unique observable of cosmic dynamics and modified gravity. In particular, at low redshifts, this quantity is especially interesting, as deviations from General Relativity are expected to be largest. Notably, our result represents the highest-significance low-redshift ( $z \sim 0.3$ ) detection of the kSZ pairwise effect yet. In our most optimal configuration ( $θ_{ap} = {3.3}^{'}$ , $\log M_{⋆} > 11$ ), we achieve a $5 σ$ detection. Assuming that an estimate of the optical depth and galaxy bias of the sample exists via e.g., external observables, this measurement constrains the fundamental cosmological combination $H_{0} f σ_{8}^{2}$ . A key challenge is the degeneracy with the galaxy optical depth. We address this by combining CMB lensing, which allows us to infer the halo mass and galaxy population properties, with hydrodynamical simulation estimates of the mean optical depth, $\bar{τ}$ . We stress that this is a proof-of-concept analysis; with BGS DR2 data we expect to improve the statistical precision by roughly a factor of two, paving the way toward robust tests of modified gravity with kSZ-informed velocity-field measurements at low redshift.

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Phys. Rev. D 113, 063565– Published 25 March, 2026

Vol. 113, Iss. 6 — 15 March 2026

Received 21 October 2025
Accepted 23 February 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/9h6g-gxdn

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.

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Probing cosmic velocities with the pairwise kinematic Sunyaev-Zel’dovich signal in DESI Bright Galaxy Sample DR1 and ACT DR6

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