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    AI-driven reconstruction of large-scale structure from combined photometric and spectroscopic surveys: A test based on N-body simulations

    Wenying Du

    Xiaolin Luo

    Zhujun Jiang, Xu Xiao*, Xin Wang, Fenfen Yin, Le Zhang†, and Xiao-Dong Li‡

    Qiufan Lin and Yang Wang

    • School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-sen University Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai 519082, People’s Republic of China and CSST Science Center for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area, SYSU, Zhuhai 519082, People’s Republic of China

    • School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-sen University Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai 519082, People’s Republic of China and CSST Science Center for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area, SYSU, Zhuhai 519082, People’s Republic of China

    • *Contact author: xiaox87@mail2.sysu.edu.cn
    • †Contact author: zhangle7@mail.sysu.edu.cn
    • ‡Contact author: lixiaod25@mail.sysu.edu.cn

    Phys. Rev. D 113, 063506 – Published 3 March, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/9g7z-k92b

    Abstract

    Galaxy surveys are crucial for studying large-scale structure (LSS) and cosmology, yet they face limitations—imaging surveys provide extensive sky coverage but suffer from photo-z uncertainties, while spectroscopic surveys yield precise redshifts but are sample limited. To take advantage of both photo-z and spec-z data while eliminating photo-z errors, we propose a deep learning framework based on a dual UNet architecture that integrates these two datasets at the field level to reconstruct the three-dimensional photo-z density field. We train the network on mock samples representative of stage-IV spectroscopic surveys, utilizing CosmicGrowth simulations with a z=0.59 snapshot containing 20483 particles in a (1200h−1  Mpc)3 volume. Several metrics, including correlation coefficient, mean absolute error, mean squared error, peak SNR, and structural similarity index measure, validate the model’s accuracy. Moreover, the reconstructed power spectrum closely matches the ground truth at small scales (k≳0.06  h/Mpc) within the 1σ confidence level, while the UNet model significantly improves the estimation of photo-z power spectrum multipoles. This study demonstrates the potential of deep learning to enhance LSS reconstruction by using both spectroscopic and photometric data.

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