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  • Open Access

Annual-modulation fingerprint of the axion wind induced sideband triplet in quantum dot spin qubit sensors

Xiangjun Tan1,2,* and Zhanning Wang3

  • *Contact author: xiangjun.tan.25@ucl.ac.uk
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Phys. Rev. D 113, 016001 – Published 2 January, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/886r-126m

Abstract

We propose a phase-coherent, narrowband magnetometer for searching couplings between axions and axionlike particles and electron spins, using gate-defined silicon quantum dot spin qubits. With repeated Ramsey echo sequences and dispersive readout, the qubit precession response can be tracked with sub-Hz spectral resolution. The accessible axion mass window is determined using a series of filtering protocols with consideration of sensing noise (including readout errors and 1/f noise). We demonstrate clear indication of sidereal modulation of the signal due to Earth’s rotation, while Earth’s orbital motion induced annual amplitude envelope that generates sidebands at fixed frequency spacing ±Ω⊕ around the sidereal component, for axion mass between 1−10  μeV, our proposed method covers gae from 10−14 to 10−10. Incorporating this daily and annual modulation pattern in a likelihood analysis enhances the rejection of stationary or instrumental noise. Our analysis indicates that spin-qubit magnetometry can achieve sensitivities approaching those suggested by astrophysical considerations, thus providing a complementary, laboratory-based probe of axion-electron interactions. Although we focus on silicon spin qubit architectures, the approach is broadly applicable to spin-based quantum sensors.

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Phys. Rev. D 113, 016001– Published 2 January, 2026
  • Received 17 September 2025
  • Accepted 16 November 2025
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Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.

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