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    Fully global numerical evolutions of the linearized spin-2 equation

    Merlyn Barrer1,2,*, Jörg Frauendiener3,†, Jörg Hennig3,‡, Oliver Markwell1,4,§, Chris Stevens1,∥, and Jed Thompson-Fawcett3,¶

    • 1School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
    • 2School of Mathematics, Monash University, VIC 3800 Australia
    • 3Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
    • 4Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany

    • *Contact author: merlyn.barrer@monash.edu
    • †Contact author: joerg.frauendiener@otago.ac.nz
    • ‡Contact author: joerg.hennig@otago.ac.nz
    • §Contact author: oliver.markwell@aei.mpg.de
    • ∥Contact author: chris.stevens@canterbury.ac.nz
    • Contact author: thoje591@student.otago.ac.nz

    Phys. Rev. D 114, 064074 – Published 23 September, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/85xv-nc6c

    Abstract

    We study the linearized spin-2 field on conformally compactified Minkowski spacetime. Initial data are prescribed on past null infinity ℐ−, and the system is evolved through the cylinder at spatial infinity to future null infinity ℐ+. To avoid the development of logarithmic singularities and thereby preserve smooth peeling behavior, we derive explicit conditions on the freely specifiable ingoing gravitational radiation ψ0 at ℐ− that ensure regular initial data. For compactly supported data, we obtain necessary and sufficient integral conditions guaranteeing regularity and compact support of the full system. In the simplest cases, we construct examples of exact initial data, while for the general case, we present a numerical procedure that computes the remaining ψk to obtain a full initial dataset. We perform numerical evolutions using two gauges corresponding to compactification of either a neighbourhood of spatial infinity or the entire Minkowski spacetime, and demonstrate stable propagation of the system from ℐ− to ℐ+. These results provide a step toward a framework for fully global simulations of gravitational radiation and clarify the role of initial data on ℐ− in determining asymptotic structure.

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