- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review D

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

Collapse-based models for gravity do not violate the entanglement-based witness of nonclassicality

Tianfeng Feng1, Vlatko Vedral2, and Chiara Marletto2,*

  • 1QICI Quantum Information and Computation Initiative, School of Computing and Data Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
  • 2Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom

  • *Contact author: chiara.marletto@gmail.com
PDF

Phys. Rev. D 113, 104055 – Published 26 May, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/83rl-nygv

Abstract

It is known that an entanglement-based witness of nonclassicality can be applied to testing quantum effects in gravity. Specifically, if a system can create entanglement between two quantum probes by local means only, then it must be nonclassical. Recently, claims have been made that collapse-based models of classical gravity, i.e., Diósi-Penrose model, can predict gravitationally induced entanglement between quantum objects, resulting in gravitationally induced entanglement is insufficient to conclude that gravity is fundamentally quantum, contrary to the witness statement. Here, we vindicate the witness. We analyze the underlying physics of collapse-based models for gravity and show that these models have nonlocal features, violating the assumption of locality. We suggest that the entanglement can be generated through quantumlike hidden detectors without interaction with the gravitational field.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (28)

  1. C. Marletto and V. Vedral, Rev. Mod. Phys. 97, 015006 (2025).
  2. C. Marletto and V. Vedral, Phys. Rev. D 102, 086012 (2020).
  3. S. Bose, A. Mazumdar, G. W. Morley, H. Ulbricht, M. Toroš, M. Paternostro, A. A. Geraci, P. F. Barker, M. Kim, and G. Milburn, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 240401 (2017).
  4. C. Marletto and V. Vedral, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 240402 (2017).
  5. D. Deutsch and C. Marletto, Proc. R. Soc. A 471, 20140540 (2015).
  6. S. Raia, G. Di Pietra, and C. Marletto, arXiv:2410.00824.
  7. M. Plávala, Phys. Rep. 1033, 1 (2023).
  8. R. Penrose, Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 28, 581 (1996).
  9. L. Diosi, Phys. Lett. A 120, 377 (1987).
  10. L. Diósi, Phys. Rev. A 40, 1165 (1989).
  11. A. Tilloy and L. Diósi, Phys. Rev. D 93, 024026 (2016).
  12. D. Trillo and M. Navascués, Phys. Rev. D 111, l121101 (2025).
  13. O. Angeli and M. Carlesso, Phys. Rev. D 112, 024047 (2025).
  14. Y. Liu, H. Miao, Y. Chen, and Y. Ma, Phys. Rev. D 107, 024004 (2023).
  15. Y. Liu, W. Zhong, Y. Chen, and Y. Ma, Phys. Rev. D 111, 062004 (2025).
  16. M. Bahrami, A. Großardt, S. Donadi, and A. Bassi, New J. Phys. 16, 115007 (2014).
  17. H. M. Wiseman and G. J. Milburn, Quantum Measurement and Control (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 2009).
  18. L. Diósi, N. Gisin, and W. T. Strunz, Phys. Rev. A 61, 022108 (2000).
  19. L. Diósi, Phys. Scr. 2014, 014004 (2014).
  20. E. Sudarshan, Pramana 6, 117 (1976).
  21. B. O. Koopman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 17, 315 (1931).
  22. L. Diósi, Phys. Rev. A 107, 062206 (2023).
  23. J. Oppenheim, Phys. Rev. X 13, 041040 (2023).
  24. T. Feng, C. Marletto, and V. Vedral, arXiv:2311.08971.
  25. J. Aziz and R. Howl, Nature (London) 646, 813 (2025).
  26. C. Marletto and V. Vedral, arXiv:2510.19969.
  27. L. Diósi, arXiv:2511.00852.
  28. C. Marletto, J. Oppenheim, V. Vedral, and E. Wilson, arXiv:2511.07348.

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. D 113, 104055– Published 26 May, 2026
  • Received 29 April 2025
  • Accepted 27 April 2026
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation