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Infrared divergences and the photon mass in QED

Orlando Oliveira

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Phys. Rev. D 113, 016004 – Published 6 January, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/7x24-vxr6

Abstract

The infrared properties of QED are investigated within the framework of the Dyson-Schwinger equations. Our study finds that, independently of the value of the coupling constant, requiring the photon self-energy to be finite for any momenta, combined with a smooth behavior for the photon-fermion vertex, is equivalent to stating that the photon is massless and that the photon propagator diverges at low momenta as 1/k2. Furthermore, the Schwinger mechanism to generate, in a gauge invariant way, a photon mass is investigated and the form factors that can be at the origin of a possible photon mass are identified. For the Schwinger mechanism the link between the finiteness of the photon self-energy and the masslessness of the photon is lost. The infrared behavior of the fermion gap equation and the vertex equation are found to be infrared safe integral equations.

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Phys. Rev. D 113, 016004– Published 6 January, 2026
  • Received 5 November 2025
  • Accepted 17 December 2025
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Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3.

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