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    Higher Lovelock curvature terms favor local nakedness in dust collapse

    Apratim Ganguly1,*, Radouane Gannouji2,†, and Akshay Kumar3,‡

    • *Contact author: apratim@iucaa.in
    • †Contact author: radouane.gannouji@pucv.cl
    • ‡Contact author: akshay.relativity@gmail.com

    Phys. Rev. D 114, 084061 – Published 21 October, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/753b-8nxg

    Abstract

    We show that higher-curvature Lovelock terms do not restore local cosmic censorship in spherical dust collapse, but instead promote the local visibility of central shell-focusing singularities. On the collapse branch with positive highest-order Lovelock coefficient cN, the highest nonvanishing Lovelock order N controls both the near-singularity collapse and the formation of trapped surfaces. In noncritical dimensions D−1−2N>0, the apparent-horizon curve approaches the singularity curve with trapping exponent βN=(D−1)/(D−1−2N). Comparing this scale with the first nonvanishing correction rℓ to the singularity curve gives the local-visibility condition ℓ<βN, provided the singularity curve opens outward. Thus, increasing N enlarges the class of inhomogeneous initial data producing outgoing radial null rays from the central singularity. In the critical odd-dimensional branch D=2N+1, no apparent horizon forms sufficiently close to the center, so any outward opening of the singularity curve gives local visibility. The locally visible singularities are Królak-strong along the emerging null rays, with Tipler strength reached at threshold. For bound and unbound collapse, the noncritical exponents are unchanged: the energy function modifies the opening of the singularity curve, while in the critical branch it enters the leading terminal collapse velocity.

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