Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

QCD2 ’t Hooft model: Two-flavor mesons spectrum

Aleksandr Artemev1,2,*, Alexey Litvinov1,†, and Pavel Meshcheriakov1,2,3,‡

  • *Contact author: artemev.aa@phystech.edu
  • †Contact author: A.Litvinov@skoltech.ru
  • ‡Contact author: meshcheriakov.pa@phystech.edu

Phys. Rev. D 111, 125001 – Published 3 June, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/7311-kdbj

Abstract

We continue analytical study of the meson mass spectrum in the large-Nc two-dimensional QCD, known as the ’t Hooft model, by addressing the most general case of quarks with unequal masses. Based on our previous work, we develop nonperturbative methods to compute spectral sums and systematically derive large-n WKB expansion of the spectrum. Furthermore, we examine the behavior of these results in various asymptotic regimes, including the chiral, heavy quark, and heavy-light limits, and establish a precise coincidence with known analytical and numerical results obtained through alternative approaches.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (48)

  1. G. ’t Hooft, A two-dimensional model for mesons, Nucl. Phys. B75, 461 (1974).
  2. G. ’t Hooft, A planar diagram theory for strong interactions, Nucl. Phys. B72, 461 (1974).
  3. C. G. Callan, N. Coote, and D. J. Gross, Two-dimensional Yang-Mills theory: A model of quark confinement, Phys. Rev. D 13, 1649 (1976).
  4. A. J. Hanson, R. D. Peccei, and M. K. Prasad, Two-dimensional SU(N) gauge theory, strings and wings: Comparative analysis of meson spectra and covariance, Nucl. Phys. B121, 477 (1977).
  5. R. C. Brower, W. L. Spence, and J. H. Weis, Bound states and asymptotic limits for quantum chromodynamics in two dimensions, Phys. Rev. D 19, 3024 (1979).
  6. N. Anand, A. L. Fitzpatrick, E. Katz, and Y. Xin, Chiral limit of 2d QCD revisited with lightcone conformal truncation, J. High Energy Phys. 01 (2024) 189.
  7. I. V. Kochergin, 1/N corrections in QCD2: Small mass limit and threshold states, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2025) 073.
  8. Z. Komargodski, K. Ohmori, K. Roumpedakis, and S. Seifnashri, Symmetries and strings of adjoint QCD2, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2021) 103.
  9. F. K. Popov, Supersymmetry in QCD2 coupled to fermions, Phys. Rev. D 105, 074005 (2022).
  10. R. Dempsey, I. R. Klebanov, and S. S. Pufu, Exact symmetries and threshold states in two-dimensional models for QCD, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2021) 096.
  11. R. Dempsey, I. R. Klebanov, S. S. Pufu, and B. T. Søgaard, Lattice Hamiltonian for adjoint QCD2, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2024) 009.
  12. J. A. Damia, G. Galati, and L. Tizzano, Symmetries, universes and phases of QCD2 with an adjoint Dirac fermion, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2025) 230.
  13. M. Asrat, (1+1)D QCD with heavy adjoint quarks, Phys. Rev. D 107, 106022 (2023).
  14. S. Dubovsky, A simple worldsheet black hole, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2018) 011.
  15. J. C. Donahue and S. Dubovsky, Confining strings, infinite statistics and integrability, Phys. Rev. D 101, 081901 (2020).
  16. J. C. Donahue and S. Dubovsky, Classical integrability of the zigzag model, Phys. Rev. D 102, 026005 (2020).
  17. J. C. Donahue and S. Dubovsky, Quantization of the zigzag model, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2022) 047.
  18. V. A. Fateev, S. L. Lukyanov, and A. B. Zamolodchikov, On mass spectrum in ’t Hooft’s 2D model of mesons, J. Phys. A 42, 304012 (2009).
  19. A. Litvinov and P. Meshcheriakov, Meson mass spectrum in QCD2 ’t Hooft’s model, Nucl. Phys. B1010, 116766 (2025).
  20. F. Ambrosino and S. Komatsu, 2d QCD and integrability. Part I. ’t Hooft model, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2025) 126.
  21. P. Federbush and A. Tromba, A note on ’t Hooft’s Hamiltonian in two-dimensional QCD, Phys. Rev. D 15, 2913 (1977).
  22. R. J. Baxter, Partition function of the eight vertex lattice model, Ann. Phys. (N.Y.) 70, 193 (1972).
  23. M. B. Einhorn, Form-factors and deep inelastic scattering in two-dimensional quantum chromodynamics, Phys. Rev. D 14, 3451 (1976).
  24. A. R. Its, A. G. Izergin, and V. E. Korepin, Temperature correlators of the impenetrable Bose gas as an integrable system, Commun. Math. Phys. 129, 205 (1990).
  25. A. Its, A. Izergin, V. Korepin, and N. Slavnov, Differential equations for quantum correlation functions, Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 04, 1003 (1990).
  26. P. Deift, Integrable operators, in Differential Operators and Spectral Theory. M. Sh. Birman’s 70th Anniversary Collection (American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 1999), pp. 69–84.
  27. J. Mondejar and A. Pineda, Deep inelastic scattering and factorization in the ’t Hooft model, Phys. Rev. D 79, 085011 (2009).
  28. D. Gepner, Non-Abelian bosonization and multiflavor QED and QCD in two dimensions, Nucl. Phys. B252, 481 (1985).
  29. Y. Frishman and J. Sonnenschein, Nonperturbative Field Theory: From Two-Dimensional Conformal Field Theory to QCD in Four Dimensions, Cambridge Monographs on Mathematical Physics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 2014).
  30. D. Delmastro, J. Gomis, and M. Yu, Infrared phases of 2d QCD, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2023) 157.
  31. A. R. Zhitnitsky, On chiral symmetry breaking in QCD in two-dimensions (Nc→∞), Phys. Lett. 165B, 405 (1985).
  32. M. Burkardt, Trivial vacua, high orders in perturbation theory and nontrivial condensates, Phys. Rev. D 53, 933 (1996).
  33. M. Gell-Mann, R. J. Oakes, and B. Renner, Behavior of current divergences under SU(3)×SU(3), Phys. Rev. 175, 2195 (1968).
  34. I. Ziyatdinov, Asymptotic properties of mass spectrum in ’t Hooft’s model of mesons, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 25, 3899 (2010).
  35. M. Burkardt and N. Uraltsev, Analytical heavy quark expansion in the ’t Hooft model, Phys. Rev. D 63, 014004 (2000).
  36. A. R. Zhitnitsky, Lessons from QCD in two-dimensions N→∞: Vacuum structure, asymptotic series, instantons and all that…, Phys. Rev. D 53, 5821 (1996).
  37. I. I. Y. Bigi, M. A. Shifman, N. Uraltsev, and A. I. Vainshtein, Heavy flavor decays, OPE and duality in two-dimensional ’t Hooft model, Phys. Rev. D 59, 054011 (1999).
  38. M. Shifman, Advanced Topics in Quantum Field Theory.: A Lecture Course (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 2012), 2.
  39. S. S. Chabysheva and J. R. Hiller, Dynamical model for longitudinal wave functions in light-front holographic QCD, Ann. Phys. (Amsterdam) 337, 143 (2013).
  40. A. Zamolodchikov, On confining interactions in 1+1, Talk at Conference in the Memory of Aliosha Zamolodchikov, Saclay (2009), https://indico.in2p3.fr/event/1886/sessions/3945/attachments/17798/21781/Zamolodchikov.pdf.
  41. P. Fonseca and A. Zamolodchikov, Ising spectroscopy. I. Mesons at T<Tc, arXiv:hep-th/0612304.
  42. A. Litvinov, P. Meshcheriakov, and E. Shestopalov, Meson mass spectrum in Ising Field Theory (to be published).
  43. Y. Gao, Y. Jiang, and J. Wu, Mesons in a quantum Ising ladder, arXiv:2502.15463.
  44. M. Marino, Les Houches lectures on nonperturbative topological strings, arXiv:2411.16211.
  45. J. Mondejar and A. Pineda, 1/Nc and 1/n preasymptotic corrections to Current-Current correlators, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2008) 039.
  46. R. Brower, J. Ellis, M. Schmidt, and J. Weis, Hadron scattering in two-dimensional QCD: (I). Formalism and leading order calculations, Nucl. Phys. B128, 131 (1977).
  47. R. C. Brower, J. R. Ellis, M. G. Schmidt, and J. H. Weis, Hadron scattering in two-dimensional QCD. 2. Second order calculations, multi-Regge and inclusive reactions, Nucl. Phys. B128, 175 (1977).
  48. R. Kirschner and L. N. Lipatov, Bare Reggeons in asymptotic free theories, Yad. Fiz. 50, 1739 (1989).

Outline

Information

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation