Open Access

Hiding a light vector boson from terrestrial experiments: A chargephobic dark photon

Haidar Esseili ¹ and Graham D. Kribs ^1,2

¹Department of Physics and Institute for Fundamental Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
²Theoretical Physics Department, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland

Phys. Rev. D 114, 016023 – Published 24 July, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/718s-7k7v

Abstract

We calculate the terrestrial, astrophysical, and cosmological constraints on a light vector boson that couples to an arbitrary combination of the electromagnetic and $B - L$ currents of the Standard Model. The dark photon and a vector boson coupling to $B - L$ are special cases of our generalized flavor-universal anomaly-free vector boson, requiring just one additional parameter (the “dark mixing angle” corresponding to the linear combination of the electromagnetic and $B - L$ currents) beyond that of the overall coupling strength and the vector boson mass, where we focus on the range 1 MeV to 60 GeV We perform a detailed investigation of a unique combination where the vector boson couplings to electrically charged leptons and protons are highly suppressed: the “chargephobic dark photon.” A chargephobic vector boson is very weakly constrained by current terrestrial experiments including beam dumps and collider experiments, since they rely on couplings to electrons and protons. Instead, neutrino scattering experiments (such as COHERENT), astrophysical sources (supernova emission), and cosmology ( $Δ N_{eff}$ ) provide the strongest constraints due to the nonzero couplings of the chargephobic vector boson to neutrinos and neutrons. Indeed, we find that supernova emission and $Δ N_{eff}$ provide constraints throughout the space of dark mixing angles, demonstrating their importance to provide model-independent constraints. For nearly all of the parameter space, a chargephobic vector boson is the most weakly constrained anomaly-free vector boson that couples to flavor-independent or flavor-dependent combinations of Standard Model currents. Finally, we highlight the importance of future experiments, including SHiP, that are able to probe new regions of the chargephobic parameter space due to the significantly improved detector capabilities.

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Phys. Rev. D 114, 016023– Published 24 July, 2026

Vol. 114, Iss. 1 — 1 July 2026

Received 27 February 2026
Accepted 9 June 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/718s-7k7v

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP³.

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Hiding a light vector boson from terrestrial experiments: A chargephobic dark photon

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