Letter
Open Access

Multiplicity dependent $J / ψ$ and $ψ (2 S)$ production at forward and backward rapidity in $p + p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 200 GeV$

N. J. Abdulameer^14,21, U. Acharya ¹⁸, C. Aidala ⁴⁰, Y. Akiba ^54,55,*, M. Alfred²⁰, V. Andrieux⁴⁰, S. Antsupov⁵⁷, N. Apadula ²⁶, H. Asano^32,54 et al. (PHENIX Collaboration)

H. Asano^32,54, B. Azmoun ⁷, V. Babintsev²², N. S. Bandara³⁸, E. Bannikov⁵⁷, K. N. Barish ⁸, S. Bathe ^5,55, A. Bazilevsky ⁷, M. Beaumier⁸, R. Belmont ^11,47, A. Berdnikov ⁵⁷, Y. Berdnikov ⁵⁷, L. Bichon⁶⁵, B. Blankenship⁶⁵, D. S. Blau^31,44, J. S. Bok⁴⁶, V. Borisov⁵⁷, M. L. Brooks³⁴, J. Bryslawskyj ^5,8, V. Bumazhnov²², S. Campbell¹², R. Cervantes⁶⁰, D. Chen ⁶⁰, M. Chiu ⁷, C. Y. Chi¹², I. J. Choi²³, J. B. Choi^28,†, Z. Citron⁶⁶, M. Connors ^18,55, R. Corliss ⁶⁰, N. Cronin⁶⁰, M. Csanád¹⁵, T. Csörgő^39,67, T. W. Danley⁴⁸, M. S. Daugherity¹, G. David^7,60, K. DeBlasio⁴⁵, K. Dehmelt ⁶⁰, A. Denisov²², A. Deshpande ^55,60, E. J. Desmond⁷, A. Dion⁶⁰, D. Dixit⁶⁰, V. Doomra⁶⁰, J. H. Do⁶⁸, A. Drees ⁶⁰, K. A. Drees⁶, J. M. Durham ³⁴, A. Durum²², H. En’yo⁵⁴, A. Enokizono ^54,56, R. Esha ⁶⁰, B. Fadem⁴², W. Fan ⁶⁰, N. Feege⁶⁰, D. E. Fields⁴⁵, M. Finger, Jr.⁹, M. Finger⁹, D. Firak ^14,60, D. Fitzgerald ⁴⁰, S. L. Fokin³¹, J. E. Frantz⁴⁸, A. Franz ⁷, A. D. Frawley¹⁷, Y. Fukuda⁶³, P. Gallus¹³, C. Gal⁶⁰, P. Garg ^3,60, H. Ge ⁶⁰, F. Giordano²³, Y. Goto^54,55, N. Grau², S. V. Greene ⁶⁵, M. Grosse Perdekamp²³, T. Gunji ¹⁰, T. Guo ⁶⁰, H. Guragain¹⁸, T. Hachiya ^54,55, J. S. Haggerty ⁷, K. I. Hahn¹⁶, H. Hamagaki ¹⁰, H. F. Hamilton¹, J. Hanks⁶⁰, S. Y. Han^16,30, S. Hasegawa²⁷, T. O. S. Haseler¹⁸, T. K. Hemmick ⁶⁰, X. He ¹⁸, J. C. Hill²⁶, K. Hill¹¹, A. Hodges ^18,23, R. S. Hollis⁸, K. Homma¹⁹, B. Hong ³⁰, T. Hoshino¹⁹, N. Hotvedt²⁶, J. Huang⁷, K. Imai²⁷, M. Inaba ⁶³, A. Iordanova⁸, D. Isenhower¹, D. Ivanishchev⁵², B. Jacak ⁶⁰, M. Jezghani¹⁸, X. Jiang ³⁴, Z. Ji ⁶⁰, B. M. Johnson ^7,18, D. Jouan⁵⁰, D. S. Jumper²³, J. H. Kang⁶⁸, D. Kapukchyan⁸, S. Karthas⁶⁰, D. Kawall³⁸, A. V. Kazantsev³¹, V. Khachatryan⁶⁰, A. Khanzadeev ⁵², C. Kim ^8,30, E.-J. Kim ²⁸, M. Kim ⁵⁸, D. Kincses¹⁵, E. Kistenev⁷, J. Klatsky¹⁷, P. Kline⁶⁰, T. Koblesky¹¹, D. Kotov ^52,57, L. Kovacs¹⁵, S. Kudo⁶³, K. Kurita⁵⁶, Y. Kwon ⁶⁸, J. G. Lajoie^26,49, D. Larionova⁵⁷, A. Lebedev ²⁶, S. Lee⁶⁸, M. J. Leitch ³⁴, Y. H. Leung⁶⁰, X. Li ³⁴, S. H. Lim ^34,53,68, M. X. Liu ³⁴, V.-R. Loggins²³, S. Lökös⁶⁷, D. A. Loomis ⁴⁰, K. Lovasz¹⁴, D. Lynch⁷, T. Majoros¹⁴, Y. I. Makdisi⁶, M. Makek⁶⁹, V. I. Manko³¹, E. Mannel ⁷, M. McCumber³⁴, P. L. McGaughey³⁴, D. McGlinchey^11,34, C. McKinney²³, M. Mendoza⁸, A. C. Mignerey ³⁷, A. Milov ⁶⁶, D. K. Mishra⁴, J. T. Mitchell⁷, M. Mitrankova^57,60, Iu. Mitrankov^57,60, G. Mitsuka^29,55, S. Miyasaka^54,62, S. Mizuno^54,63, P. Montuenga²³, T. Moon^30,68, D. P. Morrison ⁷, B. Mulilo^30,54,70, T. Murakami ^32,54, J. Murata^54,56, K. Nagai ⁶², K. Nagashima¹⁹, T. Nagashima⁵⁶, J. L. Nagle ¹¹, M. I. Nagy¹⁵, I. Nakagawa ^54,55, K. Nakano^54,62, C. Nattrass ⁶¹, T. Niida⁶³, R. Nouicer^7,55, N. Novitzky ⁶⁰, T. Novák^39,67, G. Nukazuka ^54,55, A. S. Nyanin³¹, E. O’Brien ⁷, C. A. Ogilvie²⁶, J. Oh⁵³, J. D. Orjuela Koop¹¹, M. Orosz^14,21, J. D. Osborn ^40,49, A. Oskarsson³⁵, G. J. Ottino⁴⁵, K. Ozawa^29,63, V. Pantuev ²⁴, V. Papavassiliou⁴⁶, J. S. Park⁵⁸, S. Park ^41,54,58,60, M. Patel²⁶, S. F. Pate ⁴⁶, D. V. Perepelitsa ^7,11, G. D. N. Perera⁴⁶, D. Yu. Peressounko³¹, C. E. PerezLara⁶⁰, J. Perry²⁶, R. Petti⁷, M. Phipps^7,23, C. Pinkenburg ⁷, R. P. Pisani⁷, M. Potekhin⁷, M. L. Purschke⁷, K. F. Read ^49,61, D. Reynolds⁵⁹, V. Riabov ^44,52, Y. Riabov^52,57, D. Richford ^5,64, T. Rinn ²⁶, S. D. Rolnick⁸, M. Rosati ²⁶, Z. Rowan⁵, A. S. Safonov⁵⁷, T. Sakaguchi ⁷, H. Sako²⁷, V. Samsonov^44,52, M. Sarsour ¹⁸, S. Sato²⁷, B. Schaefer ⁶⁵, B. K. Schmoll⁶¹, K. Sedgwick⁸, R. Seidl ^54,55, A. Seleznev⁵⁷, A. Sen^26,61, R. Seto⁸, A. Sexton³⁷, D. Sharma ⁶⁰, I. Shein²², Z. Shi³⁴, T.-A. Shibata^54,62, K. Shigaki ¹⁹, M. Shimomura ^26,43, T. Shioya⁶³, P. Shukla⁴, A. Sickles ²³, C. L. Silva³⁴, D. Silvermyr ³⁵, B. K. Singh³, C. P. Singh^3,†, V. Singh ³, M. Slunečka⁹, K. L. Smith ^17,34, M. Snowball³⁴, R. A. Soltz ³³, W. E. Sondheim³⁴, S. P. Sorensen ⁶¹, I. V. Sourikova⁷, P. W. Stankus⁴⁹, S. P. Stoll⁷, T. Sugitate¹⁹, A. Sukhanov⁷, T. Sumita⁵⁴, J. Sun ⁶⁰, Z. Sun ^14,21,60, J. Sziklai⁶⁷, K. Tanida^27,55,58, M. J. Tannenbaum⁷, S. Tarafdar ^65,66, G. Tarnai¹⁴, R. Tieulent^18,36, A. Timilsina²⁶, T. Todoroki^54,55,63, M. Tomášek¹³, C. L. Towell¹, R. S. Towell ¹, I. Tserruya ⁶⁶, Y. Ueda¹⁹, B. Ujvari ^14,21, H. W. van Hecke³⁴, J. Velkovska ⁶⁵, M. Virius¹³, V. Vrba^13,25, N. Vukman⁶⁹, X. R. Wang^46,55, Y. S. Watanabe¹⁰, C. L. Woody⁷, L. Xue¹⁸, C. Xu⁴⁶, Q. Xu⁶⁵, S. Yalcin⁶⁰, Y. L. Yamaguchi⁶⁰, H. Yamamoto⁶³, A. Yanovich²², I. Yoon ⁵⁸, J. H. Yoo ³⁰, I. E. Yushmanov³¹, H. Yu^46,51, W. A. Zajc ¹², A. Zelenski⁶, and L. Zou⁸ (PHENIX Collaboration)

¹Abilene Christian University, Abilene, Texas 79699, USA
²Department of Physics, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57197, USA
³Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
⁴Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay 400 085, India
⁵Baruch College, City University of New York, New York, New York, 10010 USA
⁶Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA
⁷Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA
⁸University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
⁹Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, 180 00 Troja, Prague, Czech Republic
¹⁰Center for Nuclear Study, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
¹¹University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
¹²Columbia University, New York, New York 10027 and Nevis Laboratories, Irvington, New York 10533, USA
¹³Czech Technical University, Zikova 4, 166 36 Prague 6, Czech Republic
¹⁴Debrecen University, H-4010 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary
¹⁵ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Pázmány P. s. 1/A, Hungary
¹⁶Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
¹⁷Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
¹⁸Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
¹⁹Physics Program and International Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter (WPI-SKCM²), Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
²⁰Department of Physics and Astronomy, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
²¹HUN-REN ATOMKI, H-4026 Debrecen, Bem tér 18/c, Hungary
²²IHEP Protvino, State Research Center of Russian Federation, Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino, 142281, Russia
²³University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
²⁴Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, prospekt 60-letiya Oktyabrya 7a, Moscow 117312, Russia
²⁵Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
²⁶Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
²⁷Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata Shirane, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki-ken 319-1195, Japan
²⁸Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Korea
²⁹KEK, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
³⁰Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
³¹National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute,” Moscow, 123098 Russia
³²Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
³³Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
³⁴Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
³⁵Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
³⁶IPNL, CNRS/IN2P3, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
³⁷University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
³⁸Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9337, USA
³⁹MATE, Institute of Technology, Laboratory of Femtoscopy, Károly Róbert Campus, H-3200 Gyöngyös, Mátrai út 36, Hungary
⁴⁰Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA
⁴¹Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA
⁴²Muhlenberg College, Allentown, Pennsylvania 18104-5586, USA
⁴³Nara Women’s University, Kita-uoya Nishi-machi Nara 630-8506, Japan
⁴⁴National Research Nuclear University, MEPhI, Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow, 115409, Russia
⁴⁵University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
⁴⁶New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, USA
⁴⁷Physics and Astronomy Department, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27412, USA
⁴⁸Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
⁴⁹Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
⁵⁰IPN-Orsay, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, BP1, F-91406, Orsay, France
⁵¹Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
⁵²PNPI, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Leningrad region, 188300, Russia
⁵³Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Korea
⁵⁴RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
⁵⁵RIKEN BNL Research Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA
⁵⁶Physics Department, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
⁵⁷Saint Petersburg State Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, 195251 Russia
⁵⁸Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
⁵⁹Chemistry Department, Stony Brook University, SUNY, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA
⁶⁰Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, SUNY, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
⁶¹University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
⁶²Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Oh-okayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
⁶³Tomonaga Center for the History of the Universe, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan
⁶⁴United States Merchant Marine Academy, Kings Point, New York 11024, USA
⁶⁵Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
⁶⁶Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
⁶⁷Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics, (HUN-REN Wigner RCP, RMI), H-1525 Budapest 114, POBox 49, Budapest, Hungary
⁶⁸Yonsei University, IPAP, Seoul 120-749, Korea
⁶⁹Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Bijenička c. 32 HR-10002 Zagreb, Croatia
⁷⁰Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, University of Zambia, Great East Road Campus, Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia

^*PHENIX Spokesperson: akiba@rcf.rhic.bnl.gov
^†Deceased.

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Phys. Rev. D 112, L051103 – Published 29 September, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/6vqj-wdfr

Abstract

Recent measurements of $J / ψ$ production as a function of event charged-particle multiplicity at the collision energies of both the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) show enhanced $J / ψ$ production yields with increasing multiplicity. One potential explanation for this type of dependence is multiparton interactions (MPI). We present the first study of potential autocorrelations at RHIC energies and forward and backward rapidity of self-normalized $J / ψ$ yields and $ψ (2 S)$ to $J / ψ$ ratio, as a function of self-normalized multiplicity in $p + p$ collisions. In addition, detailed pythia studies tuned to RHIC energies were performed to investigate the MPI impacts. We find that the PHENIX data at RHIC are consistent with recent LHC measurements and can only be described by pythia calculations that include MPI effects. The forward and backward $ψ (2 S)$ to $J / ψ$ ratio is found to be less dependent on the charged-particle multiplicity.

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Phys. Rev. D 112, L051103– Published 29 September, 2025

Vol. 112, Iss. 5 — 1 September 2025

Received 10 September 2024
Accepted 5 August 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/6vqj-wdfr

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP³.

Published by the American Physical Society

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Multiplicity dependent $J / ψ$ and $ψ (2 S)$ production at forward and backward rapidity in $p + p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 200 GeV$

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Multiplicity dependent J/ψ and ψ(2S) production at forward and backward rapidity in p+p collisions at s=200 GeV

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References (39)

Multiplicity dependent $J / ψ$ and $ψ (2 S)$ production at forward and backward rapidity in $p + p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 200 GeV$