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  • Letter
  • Open Access

Asteroid-mass soliton as the dark matter-baryon coincidence solution

Shinya Kanemura1,*, Shao-Ping Li1,†, and Ke-Pan Xie2,‡

  • *Contact author: kanemu@het.phys.sci.osaka-u.ac.jp
  • †Contact author: lisp@het.phys.sci.osaka-u.ac.jp
  • ‡Contact author: kpxie@buaa.edu.cn
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Phys. Rev. D 112, L091701 – Published 21 November, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/6tfj-zcls

Abstract

Nontopological solitons formed during first-order phase transitions can serve as macroscopic dark matter candidates, with their stability ensured by a charge asymmetry traditionally assumed to originate from baryogenesis. Following this generic pattern, we demonstrate that solitogenesis after baryogenesis makes the solitons a coincident dark matter candidate, providing new explanations for the coincidence problem between baryon and dark matter energy densities. We derive a novel and robust conclusion; asteroid-mass coincident soliton dark matter is always accompanied by detectable gravitational waves observable by LISA, μAres, and Theia, providing a new candidate beyond primordial black holes in this mass window. Additionally, we propose a simple neutrino-ball scenario that addresses baryon asymmetry, dark matter, and neutrino masses, featuring new particles below the electroweak scale and correlated observable signals, including lensing, gravitational waves, and soliton evaporation or collisions.

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Phys. Rev. D 112, L091701– Published 21 November, 2025
  • Received 15 April 2025
  • Revised 6 August 2025
  • Accepted 20 October 2025
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