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  • Open Access

Observable-based reformulation of time-delay interferometry

Kohei Yamamoto1,2,3,4,5,*, Jan Niklas Reinhardt4,5, and Olaf Hartwig4,5

  • *Contact author: y9m9k0h@gmail.com
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Phys. Rev. D 111, 122001 – Published 9 June, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/6n7z-gswn

Abstract

Spaceborne gravitational-wave observatories utilize a postprocessing technique known as time-delay interferometry (TDI) to reduce the otherwise overwhelming laser frequency noise by around 8 orders of magnitude. While, in its traditional form, TDI considers the spacecraft as point masses, recent studies have enhanced this simplified scenario by incorporating more realistic metrology chain models, which include onboard optical, electronic, and digital delays. These studies have updated the TDI algorithm to include onboard delays obtained from prelaunch and in-flight calibrations. Conversely, the processing scheme presented in this article treats onboard delays as an integral part of the TDI combinations: instead of having separate calibration stages, it directly expresses all delays appearing in the algorithm in terms of onboard measurements, especially pseudo-random-noise ranging (PRNR) measurements. The only onboard delays that need to be corrected in our processing scheme are PRNR delays in the digital domain, which are determined by commandable digital-signal-processing parameters; hence, they can be easily managed in postprocessing. Furthermore, our processing scheme does not require a prior interspacecraft clock synchronization, and it automatically corrects for potential relative drifts between the clocks driving local phase measurement systems. The proposed observable-based formulation closely relates TDI to the actual metrology system, and it clearly outlines how to manage onboard measurements in postprocessing. Hence, it is expected to lead to fundamental advancements in TDI, providing both conceptual completeness and unique practical benefits.

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Phys. Rev. D 111, 122001– Published 9 June, 2025
  • Received 18 February 2025
  • Accepted 12 May 2025
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Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Open access publication funded by the Max Planck Society.

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