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    Weak solutions in Einstein theory and beyond

    Francesco Fazzini* and Hassan Mehmood†

    • *Contact author: francesco.fazzini@unb.ca
    • †Contact author: hassan.mehmood@unb.ca

    Phys. Rev. D 112, 064064 – Published 22 September, 2025

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/6mrq-f9qc

    Abstract

    In spherical symmetry, gravitational collapse of dust may give rise to the so-called shell-crossing singularities, beyond which spacetime can be extended using weak solutions to the integrated version of the equations of motion. We argue that the paradigm of weak solutions is ill suited for dynamical extension beyond shell crossings through shock waves, because it is based implicitly on the assumption that the Painlevé-Gullstrand time remains continuous across the shock, and leads to the unwanted prospect of shock waves of dust particles moving faster than light.

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