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Assessing the distance for probing the nuclear equation of state with supernova gravitational waves

Y. S. Abylkairov1,*, M. C. Edwards2, A. Ostrikov3, Y. Tleukhanov4, A. Torres-Forné5,6, P. Cerdá-Durán5,6, J. A. Font5,6, M. J. Szczepańczyk7, and E. Abdikamalov1,4

  • *Contact author: sultan.abylkairov@nu.edu.kz
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Phys. Rev. D 112, 123056 – Published 31 December, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/6k2y-jps5

Abstract

Gravitational waves from core-collapse supernovae provide a unique probe of the equation of state (EOS) of high density matter. In this work, we focus on the bounce signal from numerical simulations of rotating supernovae and explore its potential for EOS inference. We employ a support vector machine, previously shown to perform best among tested methods, to classify GW signals simulated for 18 EOS models. For optimally oriented sources, we estimate that the Advanced LIGO A+ detector can probe the EOS for Galactic events, while third-generation observatories such as the Einstein Telescope and Cosmic Explorer can reach substantially farther. For randomly oriented sources, only these next-generation detectors are expected to have sufficient sensitivity. These results represent the potential observational range for probing the nuclear EOS, although, due to the simplifying assumptions adopted, they should be regarded as approximate upper limits.

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Phys. Rev. D 112, 123056– Published 31 December, 2025
  • Received 16 October 2025
  • Accepted 2 December 2025
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