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  • Open Access

Dark hypercharge symmetry

Hemant Prajapati* and Rahul Srivastava†

  • *Contact author: hemant19@iiserb.ac.in
  • †Contact author: rahul@iiserb.ac.in
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Phys. Rev. D 113, 055024 – Published 16 March, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/6b21-vql1

Abstract

We introduce a new class of U(1)X symmetries where all Standard Model fermions are “chiral,” i.e., the left- and right-handed components have different charges under the U(1)X symmetry. Gauge anomaly cancellation is achieved by introducing three Standard Model gauge singlet dark fermions (fi; i=1, 2, 3) charged under this symmetry. We systematically present chiral solutions for cases in which (a) one, (b) two, or (c) all three generations of Standard Model fermions are charged under the U(1)X symmetry. The U(1)X charges of these dark fermions are uniquely determined by anomaly cancellation conditions. These new fermions belong to the dark sector, with the lightest of them being a good dark matter candidate. Additionally, the Z′ gauge boson mediates interactions between the dark and visible sectors, and we call this U(1)X symmetry as the “dark hypercharge” symmetry. Using a benchmark model, we explore phenomenological implications in the heavy Z′ case (MZ′>MZ), analyzing collider constraints and examining the lightest dark fermion’s viability as dark matter. Our analysis shows that it satisfies all current dark matter constraints over a wide range of dark matter mass.

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Outline

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Phys. Rev. D 113, 055024– Published 16 March, 2026
  • Received 20 February 2025
  • Revised 18 September 2025
  • Accepted 13 February 2026
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