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  • Open Access

Addressing data gaps and assessing noise mismodeling in LISA

Ollie Burke1,2,3,4,*, Sylvain Marsat2,†, Jonathan R. Gair3,4, and Michael L. Katz3,5

  • *Contact author: ollie.burke@glasgow.ac.uk
  • †Contact author: sylvain.marsat@l2it.in2p3.fr
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Phys. Rev. D 111, 124053 – Published 27 June, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/5jr8-k2ss

Abstract

Due to the complexities of the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), data gaps arising from instrumental irregularities and/or scheduled maintenance are unavoidable. Focusing on merger-dominated massive black hole binary signals, we test the appropriateness of the Whittle-likelihood on gapped data in a variety of cases. From first principles, we derive the likelihood valid for gapped data in both the time and frequency domains. Cheap-to-evaluate proxies to p-p plots are derived based on a Fisher-based formalism, and verified through Bayesian techniques. Our tools allow us to predict the altered variance in the parameter estimates that arises from noise mismodeling, as well as the information loss represented by the broadening of the posteriors. The result of noise mismodeling with gaps is sensitive to the characteristics of the noise model, with strong low-frequency (red) noise and strong high-frequency (blue) noise giving statistically significant fluctuations in recovered parameters. We demonstrate that the introduction of a tapering window reduces statistical inconsistency errors, at the cost of less precise parameter estimates. We also show that the assumption of independence between intergap segments appears to be a fair approximation even if the dataset is inherently coherent. However, if one instead assumes fictitious correlations in the data stream, when the data segments are actually independent, then the resultant parameter recoveries could be inconsistent with the true parameters. The theoretical and numerical practices that are presented in this work could readily be incorporated into global-fit pipelines operating on gapped data.

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Phys. Rev. D 111, 124053– Published 27 June, 2025
  • Received 6 March 2025
  • Accepted 23 May 2025
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