Gravitational wave memory from accelerating relativistic jets in multiple thick shell scenarios

Yusuke Sakai; Ryo Yamazaki; Yoshihiro Okutani; Satsuki Ueno; Norichika Sago; Marco Meyer-Conde; Hirotaka Takahashi

doi:10.1103/58pt-ms85

Gravitational wave memory from accelerating relativistic jets in multiple thick shell scenarios

Yusuke Sakai ¹, Ryo Yamazaki ^2,3, Yoshihiro Okutani², Satsuki Ueno², Norichika Sago ⁴, Marco Meyer-Conde ^1,5, and Hirotaka Takahashi ^1,6,7

¹Department of Design and Data Science and Research Center for Space Science, Advanced Research Laboratories, Tokyo City University, 3-3-1 Ushikubo-Nishi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 224-8551, Japan
²Department of Physical Sciences, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara 252-5258, Japan
³Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
⁴Division of General Education, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
⁵University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Physics, Urbana, Illinois 61801-3080, USA
⁶Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-Ha, Kashiwa City, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
⁷Earthquake Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan

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Phys. Rev. D 112, 064029 – Published 12 September, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/58pt-ms85

Abstract

Gravitational wave (GW) memory, a permanent distortion of the space-time metric, is anticipated during the acceleration of relativistic jets in gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). While the precise mechanism behind GRBs is not yet fully understood, detecting GW memory may contribute to clarifying their nature. In this paper, we consider various scenarios of GW memory emission, including both single and multiple shells with thin and thick shells. In particular, the memory spectrum for each scenario is compared with the sensitivity of next-generation detectors, namely Deci-hertz Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory and Einstein Telescope. Physical properties spread over a broad-band region, emphasizing the importance of combined and wide-band observations. We also simulate GW memory based on nearby, realistic scenarios and demonstrate its detectability.

Physical Review D

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Gravitational wave memory from accelerating relativistic jets in multiple thick shell scenarios

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Gravitational wave memory from accelerating relativistic jets in multiple thick shell scenarios

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