The precise calculation of gravitational waves (GWs) from cosmic string networks is of significant theoretical and experimental interest. The Nambu–Goto (NG) approximation has long been employed to calculate GW emission from such networks; however, its validity has never been systematically verified. We perform large-scale zero-temperature Abelian–Higgs lattice simulations under different gauge couplings and compare them with NG predictions. We find excellent agreement in the power-law region for near-global strings but strong deviation for strongly coupled local strings with $m_v/m_s\sim 1$, quantitatively establishing the breakdown of the NG approximation. Additionally, we confirm that particle emission significantly dominates the energy loss of the string network, with the ratio of GW energy to particle energy approximately ${10}^{-3}$ to ${10}^{-2}$ for both near-global and local string scenarios.

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• Cosmic strings & domain walls
• Gravitational waves
• Astrophysical & cosmological simulations