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Delayed scaling of multitype cosmic F- and D-strings in velocity-dependent one-scale models

Kazuto Nakamura and Masaki Yamada

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Phys. Rev. D 113, 063537 – Published 16 March, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/4tkt-pfk2

Abstract

We investigate the velocity-dependent one-scale model to the case of one cosmic F-string and two D-strings as color flux tubes in pure Spin(4N) gauge theory. We analytically calculate the scaling string density as a function of the reconnection probabilities, and confirm our results with numerical calculations. We also determine the timescale at which the string density reaches the scaling regime, and find that for certain values of the reconnection probability, the scaling time can become extremely large, by many orders of magnitude. This leads to a characteristic suppression signature of the gravitational-wave signal at high frequencies, which may become observable in the frequency range of future interferometric gravitational-wave observations.

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Phys. Rev. D 113, 063537– Published 16 March, 2026
  • Received 22 December 2025
  • Accepted 9 February 2026
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