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    Black hole and wormhole branches in gravitational decoupling

    Francisco Tello-Ortiz1,†, Y. Gómez-Leyton2,‡, Vitalii Vertogradov3,4,5,6,7,§, and Jean Báez Cuevas8,*

    • *Contact author: jean.baez@pucv.cl
    • †Contact author: francisco.tello@ufrontera.cl
    • ‡Contact author: ygomez@ucn.cl
    • §Contact author: vdvertogradov@gmail.com

    Phys. Rev. D 114, 084083 – Published 28 October, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/4b4n-zjx7

    Abstract

    Minimal geometric deformation applied to a static Schwarzschild black hole seed generates a single decoupler function h(r), obtained by solving the θ-sector field equations together with an equation of state. Once h(r) is fixed, the resulting one-parameter family is controlled by the coupling strength k through F(r;k)=1+kh(r). We show that, whenever the deformation develops a simple outermost root that crosses the seed horizon, the same fixed decoupler leads to two mutually exclusive branches associated with different global completions: on one side of the critical coupling the deformed metric preserves the seed horizon as a black hole, whereas on the other side the root r*>2M lies in the exterior and cannot be interpreted as an interior modification of the black hole geometry. We prove that this root forces a loss of Lorentzian signature on the interval (2M,r*), so that no smooth extension of the exterior metric through the seed horizon r=2M exists once r* lies outside it. Within the static, spherically symmetric class considered here, the corresponding smooth Lorentzian completion is a two-ended wormhole obtained by excising (2M,r*) and doubling the region r≥r* across the minimal sphere T={r=r*}. No topology change of any single spacetime is claimed or required: k>kc and k<kc simply correspond to two different, nondiffeomorphic manifolds, and Lemma 1 below shows that the metric itself dictates which of the two is the admissible completion for a given k. We compute the second homology group of both completions explicitly, H2(ΣBH,H)=0 for the black hole exterior relative to its horizon and H2(ΣWH)≅Z for the completed wormhole manifold, giving a discrete invariant that distinguishes the two branches.

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