Ladder symmetry: The necessary and sufficient condition for vanishing Love numbers
Phys. Rev. D 113, 024066 – Published 30 January, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/44dg-smt2
Abstract
Black holes in four-dimensional, asymptotically flat general relativity have vanishing static tidal Love numbers (TLNs), a property tied to a hidden symmetry of the perturbation equations. Within the Konoplya-Rezzolla-Zhidenko (KRZ) parametrization, a subclass of spacetimes was previously shown to admit such ladder symmetry, which enforces the absence of static scalar TLNs. In this work, we introduce parametric deformations to such ladder-symmetric spacetimes and analyze the resultant linear tidal response. Using the parametrized formalism for TLNs, we show that any deviation from a ladder-symmetric background leads to nonzero static scalar TLNs. This establishes ladder symmetry as a necessary, as well as sufficient condition for the vanishing of static TLNs in static, spherically symmetric black holes and in rotating black holes of the KRZ class.
