- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review D

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Letter
  • Open Access

Effective-one-body modeling for generic compact binaries with arbitrary orbits

Simone Albanesi1,2, Rossella Gamba3,4, Sebastiano Bernuzzi1, Joan Fontbuté1,5, Alejandra Gonzalez1,6, and Alessandro Nagar2,7

PDF

Phys. Rev. D 112, L121503 – Published 15 December, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/3snf-w1x7

Abstract

We present the first unified model for the general relativistic dynamics and gravitational radiation of generic compact binaries. TEOBResumS-Dalí is a model based on the effective-one-body framework incorporating tidal interactions, generic spins, multipolar radiation reaction/waveform, and numerical relativity information. It allows the computation of gravitational waves and other dynamical gauge invariants from generic binaries (black holes, neutron stars, and neutron star–black hole binaries) evolving along arbitrary orbits (quasicircular, eccentric, and nonplanar) through merger and including scattering. The performances of TEOBResumS-Dalí in the strong-field regime are showcased by comparisons with a large sample of 1395 high-accuracy numerical relativity simulations. TEOBResumS-Dalí allows the computation of faithful waveforms for gravitational wave astronomy, providing at the same time an understanding and a prediction of the strong-field dynamics.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

Supplemental Material

References (187)

  1. B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific and Virgo Collaborations), GWTC-1: A gravitational-wave transient catalog of compact binary mergers observed by LIGO and Virgo during the first and second observing runs, Phys. Rev. X 9, 031040 (2019).
  2. R. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific and Virgo Collaborations), GWTC-2: Compact binary coalescences observed by LIGO and Virgo during the first half of the third observing run, Phys. Rev. X 11, 021053 (2021).
  3. R. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific, Virgo, and KAGRA Collaborations), GWTC-3: Compact binary coalescences observed by LIGO and Virgo during the second part of the third observing run, Phys. Rev. X 13, 041039 (2023).
  4. J. Aasi et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration), Advanced LIGO, Classical Quantum Gravity 32, 074001 (2015).
  5. F. Acernese et al. (Virgo Collaboration), Advanced Virgo: A second-generation interferometric gravitational wave detector, Classical Quantum Gravity 32, 024001 (2015).
  6. M. Punturo, M. Abernathy, F. Acernese, B. Allen, N. Andersson et al., The Einstein telescope: A third-generation gravitational wave observatory, Classical Quantum Gravity 27, 194002 (2010).
  7. Michele Maggiore et al., Science case for the Einstein Telescope, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 03 (2020) 050.
  8. David Reitze et al., Cosmic Explorer: The U.S. contribution to gravitational-wave astronomy beyond LIGO, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 51, 035 (2019), https://inspirehep.net/literature/1743201.
  9. Pau Amaro-Seoane et al. (LISA Collaboration), Laser interferometer space antenna, arXiv:1702.00786.
  10. A. Buonanno and T. Damour, Effective one-body approach to general relativistic two-body dynamics, Phys. Rev. D 59, 084006 (1999).
  11. Alessandra Buonanno and Thibault Damour, Transition from inspiral to plunge in binary black hole coalescences, Phys. Rev. D 62, 064015 (2000).
  12. Thibault Damour, Piotr Jaranowski, and Gerhard Schaefer, On the determination of the last stable orbit for circular general relativistic binaries at the third post-Newtonian approximation, Phys. Rev. D 62, 084011 (2000).
  13. Thibault Damour and Alessandro Nagar, Faithful effective-one-body waveforms of small-mass-ratio coalescing black-hole binaries, Phys. Rev. D 76, 064028 (2007).
  14. Alessandra Buonanno, Gregory B. Cook, and Frans Pretorius, Inspiral, merger and ring-down of equal-mass black-hole binaries, Phys. Rev. D 75, 124018 (2007).
  15. Thibault Damour, Alessandro Nagar, Ernst Nils Dorband, Denis Pollney, and Luciano Rezzolla, Faithful effective-one-body waveforms of equal-mass coalescing black-hole binaries, Phys. Rev. D 77, 084017 (2008).
  16. Alessandra Buonanno, Yi Pan, John G. Baker, Joan Centrella, Bernard J. Kelly, Sean T. McWilliams, and James R. van Meter, Toward faithful templates for non-spinning binary black holes using the effective-one-body approach, Phys. Rev. D 76, 104049 (2007).
  17. Thibault Damour, Bala R. Iyer, and Alessandro Nagar, Improved resummation of post-Newtonian multipolar waveforms from circularized compact binaries, Phys. Rev. D 79, 064004 (2009).
  18. Alessandra Buonanno, Yi Pan, Harald P. Pfeiffer, Mark A. Scheel, Luisa T. Buchman, and Lawrence E. Kidder, Effective-one-body waveforms calibrated to numerical relativity simulations: Coalescence of non-spinning, equal-mass black holes, Phys. Rev. D 79, 124028 (2009).
  19. Thibault Damour and Alessandro Nagar, An improved analytical description of inspiralling and coalescing black-hole binaries, Phys. Rev. D 79, 081503 (2009).
  20. Thibault Damour, Coalescence of two spinning black holes: An effective one- body approach, Phys. Rev. D 64, 124013 (2001).
  21. Yi Pan, Alessandra Buonanno, Luisa T. Buchman, Tony Chu, Lawrence E. Kidder, Harald P. Pfeiffer, and Mark A. Scheel, Effective-one-body waveforms calibrated to numerical relativity simulations: Coalescence of non-precessing, spinning, equal-mass black holes, Phys. Rev. D 81, 084041 (2010).
  22. Enrico Barausse and Alessandra Buonanno, An improved effective-one-body Hamiltonian for spinning black-hole binaries, Phys. Rev. D 81, 084024 (2010).
  23. Yi Pan, Alessandra Buonanno, Ryuichi Fujita, Etienne Racine, and Hideyuki Tagoshi, Post-Newtonian factorized multipolar waveforms for spinning, non-precessing black-hole binaries, Phys. Rev. D 83, 064003 (2011).
  24. Enrico Barausse and Alessandra Buonanno, Extending the effective-one-body Hamiltonian of black-hole binaries to include next-to-next-to-leading spin-orbit couplings, Phys. Rev. D 84, 104027 (2011).
  25. Andrea Taracchini, Yi Pan, Alessandra Buonanno, Enrico Barausse, Michael Boyle, Tony Chu, Geoffrey Lovelace, Harald P. Pfeiffer, and Mark A. Scheel, Prototype effective-one-body model for nonprecessing spinning inspiral-merger-ringdown waveforms, Phys. Rev. D 86, 024011 (2012).
  26. Yi Pan, Alessandra Buonanno, Andrea Taracchini, Lawrence E. Kidder, Abdul H. Mroué, Harald P. Pfeiffer, Mark A. Scheel, and Béla Szilágyi, Inspiral-merger-ringdown waveforms of spinning, precessing black-hole binaries in the effective-one-body formalism, Phys. Rev. D 89, 084006 (2014).
  27. Andrea Taracchini, Alessandra Buonanno, Yi Pan, Tanja Hinderer, Michael Boyle et al., Effective-one-body model for black-hole binaries with generic mass ratios and spins, Phys. Rev. D 89, 061502 (2014).
  28. Thibault Damour and Alessandro Nagar, New effective-one-body description of coalescing nonprecessing spinning black-hole binaries, Phys. Rev. D 90, 044018 (2014).
  29. Yi Pan, Alessandra Buonanno, Michael Boyle, Luisa T. Buchman, Lawrence E. Kidder, Harald P. Pfeiffer, and Mark A. Scheel, Inspiral-merger-ringdown multipolar waveforms of nonspinning black-hole binaries using the effective-one-body formalism, Phys. Rev. D 84, 124052 (2011).
  30. Roberto Cotesta, Alessandra Buonanno, Alejandro Bohé, Andrea Taracchini, Ian Hinder, and Serguei Ossokine, Enriching the symphony of gravitational waves from binary black holes by tuning higher harmonics, Phys. Rev. D 98, 084028 (2018).
  31. Alessandro Nagar, Geraint Pratten, Gunnar Riemenschneider, and Rossella Gamba, Multipolar effective one body model for nonspinning black hole binaries, Phys. Rev. D 101, 024041 (2020).
  32. Alessandro Nagar, Gunnar Riemenschneider, Geraint Pratten, Piero Rettegno, and Francesco Messina, Multipolar effective one body waveform model for spin-aligned black hole binaries, Phys. Rev. D 102, 024077 (2020).
  33. Gunnar Riemenschneider, Piero Rettegno, Matteo Breschi, Angelica Albertini, Rossella Gamba, Sebastiano Bernuzzi, and Alessandro Nagar, Assessment of consistent next-to-quasicircular corrections and postadiabatic approximation in effective-one-body multipolar waveforms for binary black hole coalescences, Phys. Rev. D 104, 104045 (2021).
  34. Alessandro Nagar, Piero Rettegno, Rossella Gamba, Simone Albanesi, Angelica Albertini, and Sebastiano Bernuzzi, Analytic systematics in next generation of effective-one-body gravitational waveform models for future observations, Phys. Rev. D 108, 124018 (2023).
  35. Lorenzo Pompili et al., Laying the foundation of the effective-one-body waveform models SEOBNRv5: Improved accuracy and efficiency for spinning nonprecessing binary black holes, Phys. Rev. D 108, 124035 (2023).
  36. Thibault Damour and Alessandro Nagar, Relativistic tidal properties of neutron stars, Phys. Rev. D 80, 084035 (2009).
  37. Thibault Damour and Alessandro Nagar, Effective one body description of tidal effects in inspiralling compact binaries, Phys. Rev. D 81, 084016 (2010).
  38. Thibault Damour, Alessandro Nagar, and Loic Villain, Measurability of the tidal polarizability of neutron stars in late-inspiral gravitational-wave signals, Phys. Rev. D 85, 123007 (2012).
  39. Sebastiano Bernuzzi, Alessandro Nagar, Simone Balmelli, Tim Dietrich, and Maximiliano Ujevic, Quasi-universal properties of neutron star mergers, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 201101 (2014).
  40. Tanja Hinderer et al., Effects of neutron-star dynamic tides on gravitational waveforms within the effective-one-body approach, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 181101 (2016).
  41. Jan Steinhoff, Tanja Hinderer, Alessandra Buonanno, and Andrea Taracchini, Dynamical tides in general relativity: Effective action and effective-one-body Hamiltonian, Phys. Rev. D 94, 104028 (2016).
  42. Alessandro Nagar et al., Time-domain effective-one-body gravitational waveforms for coalescing compact binaries with nonprecessing spins, tides and self-spin effects, Phys. Rev. D 98, 104052 (2018).
  43. Benjamin D. Lackey, Michael Pürrer, Andrea Taracchini, and Sylvain Marsat, Surrogate model for an aligned-spin effective one body waveform model of binary neutron star inspirals using Gaussian process regression, Phys. Rev. D 100, 024002 (2019).
  44. Rossella Gamba, Sebastiano Bernuzzi, and Alessandro Nagar, Fast, faithful, frequency-domain effective-one-body waveforms for compact binary coalescences, Phys. Rev. D 104, 084058 (2021).
  45. Jan Steinhoff, Tanja Hinderer, Tim Dietrich, and Francois Foucart, Spin effects on neutron star fundamental-mode dynamical tides: Phenomenology and comparison to numerical simulations, Phys. Rev. Res. 3, 033129 (2021).
  46. Alejandra Gonzalez, Rossella Gamba, Matteo Breschi, Francesco Zappa, Gregorio Carullo, Sebastiano Bernuzzi, and Alessandro Nagar, Numerical-relativity-informed effective-one-body model for black-hole–neutron-star mergers with higher modes and spin precession, Phys. Rev. D 107, 084026 (2023).
  47. Rossella Gamba and Sebastiano Bernuzzi, Resonant tides in binary neutron star mergers: Analytical-numerical relativity study, Phys. Rev. D 107, 044014 (2023).
  48. Rossella Gamba et al., Analytically improved and numerical-relativity informed effective-one-body model for coalescing binary neutron stars, arXiv:2307.15125.
  49. Alessandra Buonanno, Yanbei Chen, and Thibault Damour, Transition from inspiral to plunge in precessing binaries of spinning black holes, Phys. Rev. D 74, 104005 (2006).
  50. Sarp Akcay, Rossella Gamba, and Sebastiano Bernuzzi, A hybrid post-Newtonian—effective-one-body scheme for spin-precessing compact-binary waveforms, Phys. Rev. D 103, 024014 (2021).
  51. Serguei Ossokine et al., Multipolar effective-one-body waveforms for precessing binary black holes: Construction and validation, Phys. Rev. D 102, 044055 (2020).
  52. Rossella Gamba, Sarp Akçay, Sebastiano Bernuzzi, and Jake Williams, Effective-one-body waveforms for precessing coalescing compact binaries with post-Newtonian twist, Phys. Rev. D 106, 024020 (2022).
  53. Mohammed Khalil, Alessandra Buonanno, Hector Estelles, Deyan P. Mihaylov, Serguei Ossokine, Lorenzo Pompili, and Antoni Ramos-Buades, Theoretical groundwork supporting the precessing-spin two-body dynamics of the effective-one-body waveform models SEOBNRv5, Phys. Rev. D 108, 124036 (2023).
  54. Antoni Ramos-Buades, Alessandra Buonanno, Héctor Estellés, Mohammed Khalil, Deyan P. Mihaylov, Serguei Ossokine, Lorenzo Pompili, and Mahlet Shiferaw, Next generation of accurate and efficient multipolar precessing-spin effective-one-body waveforms for binary black holes, Phys. Rev. D 108, 124037 (2023).
  55. Rossella Gamba, Danilo Chiaramello, and Sayan Neogi, Toward efficient effective-one-body models for generic, nonplanar orbits, Phys. Rev. D 110, 024031 (2024).
  56. Tanja Hinderer and Stanislav Babak, Foundations of an effective-one-body model for coalescing binaries on eccentric orbits, Phys. Rev. D 96, 104048 (2017).
  57. Danilo Chiaramello and Alessandro Nagar, Faithful analytical effective-one-body waveform model for spin-aligned, moderately eccentric, coalescing black hole binaries, Phys. Rev. D 101, 101501 (2020).
  58. Alessandro Nagar, Piero Rettegno, Rossella Gamba, and Sebastiano Bernuzzi, Effective-one-body waveforms from dynamical captures in black hole binaries, Phys. Rev. D 103, 064013 (2021).
  59. Mohammed Khalil, Alessandra Buonanno, Jan Steinhoff, and Justin Vines, Radiation-reaction force and multipolar waveforms for eccentric, spin-aligned binaries in the effective-one-body formalism, Phys. Rev. D 104, 024046 (2021).
  60. Andrea Placidi, Simone Albanesi, Alessandro Nagar, Marta Orselli, Sebastiano Bernuzzi, and Gianluca Grignani, Exploiting Newton-factorized, 2PN-accurate waveform multipoles in effective-one-body models for spin-aligned noncircularized binaries, Phys. Rev. D 105, 104030 (2022).
  61. Antoni Ramos-Buades, Alessandra Buonanno, Mohammed Khalil, and Serguei Ossokine, Effective-one-body multipolar waveforms for eccentric binary black holes with nonprecessing spins, Phys. Rev. D 105, 044035 (2022).
  62. Simone Albanesi, Andrea Placidi, Alessandro Nagar, Marta Orselli, and Sebastiano Bernuzzi, New avenue for accurate analytical waveforms and fluxes for eccentric compact binaries, Phys. Rev. D 105, L121503 (2022).
  63. Andrea Placidi, Gianluca Grignani, Troels Harmark, Marta Orselli, Sara Gliorio, and Alessandro Nagar, 2.5PN accurate waveform information for generic-planar-orbit binaries in effective one-body models, Phys. Rev. D 108, 024068 (2023).
  64. Simone Albanesi, Sebastiano Bernuzzi, Thibault Damour, Alessandro Nagar, and Andrea Placidi, Faithful effective-one-body waveform of small-mass-ratio coalescing black hole binaries: The eccentric, nonspinning case, Phys. Rev. D 108, 084037 (2023).
  65. Alessandro Nagar, Danilo Chiaramello, Rossella Gamba, Simone Albanesi, Sebastiano Bernuzzi, Veronica Fantini, Mattia Panzeri, and Piero Rettegno, Effective-one-body waveform model for noncircularized, planar, coalescing black hole binaries. II. High accuracy by improving logarithmic terms in resummations, Phys. Rev. D 111, 064050 (2025).
  66. Rossella Gamba, Matteo Breschi, Gregorio Carullo, Simone Albanesi, Piero Rettegno, Sebastiano Bernuzzi, and Alessandro Nagar, GW190521 as a dynamical capture of two nonspinning black holes, Nat. Astron. 7, 11 (2023).
  67. Tomas Andrade et al., Toward numerical-relativity informed effective-one-body waveforms for dynamical capture black hole binaries, Phys. Rev. D 109, 084025 (2024).
  68. Simone Albanesi, Alireza Rashti, Francesco Zappa, Rossella Gamba, William Cook, Boris Daszuta, Sebastiano Bernuzzi, Alessandro Nagar, and David Radice, Scattering and dynamical capture of two black holes: Synergies between numerical and analytical methods, Phys. Rev. D 111, 024069 (2025).
  69. Elisa Grilli, Andrea Placidi, Simone Albanesi, Gianluca Grignani, and Marta Orselli, Direct current memory effects in effective-one-body waveform models, Phys. Rev. D 111, 044045 (2025).
  70. Aldo Gamboa et al., Accurate waveforms for eccentric, aligned-spin binary black holes: The multipolar effective-one-body model SEOBNRv5EHM, Phys. Rev. D 112, 044038 (2025).
  71. Aldo Gamboa, Mohammed Khalil, and Alessandra Buonanno, Third post-Newtonian dynamics for eccentric orbits and aligned spins in the effective-one-body waveform model SEOBNRv5EHM, Phys. Rev. D 112, 044037 (2025).
  72. Thibault Damour and Alessandro Nagar, A new analytic representation of the ringdown waveform of coalescing spinning black hole binaries, Phys. Rev. D 90, 024054 (2014).
  73. Matteo Breschi, Sebastiano Bernuzzi, Kabir Chakravarti, Alessandro Camilletti, Aviral Prakash, and Albino Perego, Kilohertz gravitational waves from binary neutron star mergers: Numerical-relativity informed postmerger model, Phys. Rev. D 109, 064009 (2024).
  74. Divyajyoti, Sumit Kumar, Snehal Tibrewal, Isobel M. Romero-Shaw, and Chandra Kant Mishra, Blind spots and biases: The dangers of ignoring eccentricity in gravitational-wave signals from binary black holes, Phys. Rev. D 109, 043037 (2024).
  75. R. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific and Virgo Collaborations), GW190521: A binary black hole merger with a total mass of 150M⊙, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 101102 (2020).
  76. Juan Calderón Bustillo, Nicolas Sanchis-Gual, Alejandro Torres-Forné, José A. Font, Avi Vajpeyi, Rory Smith, Carlos Herdeiro, Eugen Radu, and Samson H. W. Leong, GW190521 as a merger of proca stars: A potential new vector boson of 8.7×10−13  eV, Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 081101 (2021).
  77. V. Gayathri, J. Healy, J. Lange, B. O’Brien, M. Szczepanczyk, Imre Bartos, M. Campanelli, S. Klimenko, C. O. Lousto, and R. O’Shaughnessy, Eccentricity estimate for black hole mergers with numerical relativity simulations, Nat. Astron. 6, 344 (2022).
  78. R. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific and Virgo Collaborations), GW190814: Gravitational waves from the coalescence of a 23 solar mass black hole with a 2.6 solar mass compact object, Astrophys. J. Lett. 896, L44 (2020).
  79. Francesco Zappa, Sebastiano Bernuzzi, Francesco Pannarale, Michela Mapelli, and Nicola Giacobbo, Black-hole remnants from black-hole–neutron-star mergers, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 041102 (2019).
  80. Patricia Schmidt, Frank Ohme, and Mark Hannam, Towards models of gravitational waveforms from generic binaries II: Modelling precession effects with a single effective precession parameter, Phys. Rev. D 91, 024043 (2015).
  81. Marc Favata, Systematic parameter errors in inspiraling neutron star binaries, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 101101 (2014).
  82. Francesco Messina, Alberto Maldarella, and Alessandro Nagar, Factorization and resummation: A new paradigm to improve gravitational wave amplitudes. II: The higher multipolar modes, Phys. Rev. D 97, 084016 (2018).
  83. Simone Albanesi, Alessandro Nagar, and Sebastiano Bernuzzi, Effective one-body model for extreme-mass-ratio spinning binaries on eccentric equatorial orbits: Testing radiation reaction and waveform, Phys. Rev. D 104, 024067 (2021).
  84. Simone Albanesi, Alessandro Nagar, Sebastiano Bernuzzi, Andrea Placidi, and Marta Orselli, Assessment of effective-one-body radiation reactions for generic planar orbits, Phys. Rev. D 105, 104031 (2022).
  85. Alessandro Nagar, Thibault Damour, and Angelo Tartaglia, Binary black hole merger in the extreme mass ratio limit, Classical Quantum Gravity 24, S109 (2007).
  86. Nicolas Yunes, Alessandra Buonanno, Scott A. Hughes, M. Coleman Miller, and Yi Pan, Modeling extreme mass ratio inspirals within the effective-one-body approach, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 091102 (2010).
  87. Nicolas Yunes, Alessandra Buonanno, Scott A. Hughes, Yi Pan, Enrico Barausse, M. Coleman Miller, and William Throwe, Extreme mass-ratio inspirals in the effective-one-body approach: Quasi-circular, equatorial orbits around a spinning black hole, Phys. Rev. D 83, 044044 (2011).
  88. Enrico Barausse, Alessandra Buonanno, Scott A. Hughes, Gaurav Khanna, Stephen O’Sullivan, and Yi Pan, Modeling multipolar gravitational-wave emission from small mass-ratio mergers, Phys. Rev. D 85, 024046 (2012).
  89. Sebastiano Bernuzzi and Alessandro Nagar, Binary black hole merger in the extreme-mass-ratio limit: A multipolar analysis, Phys. Rev. D 81, 084056 (2010).
  90. Sebastiano Bernuzzi, Alessandro Nagar, and Anil Zenginoglu, Binary black hole coalescence in the extreme-mass-ratio limit: Testing and improving the effective-one-body multipolar waveform, Phys. Rev. D 83, 064010 (2011).
  91. Sebastiano Bernuzzi, Alessandro Nagar, and Anil Zenginoglu, Binary black hole coalescence in the large-mass-ratio limit: The hyperboloidal layer method and waveforms at null infinity, Phys. Rev. D 84, 084026 (2011).
  92. Sebastiano Bernuzzi, Alessandro Nagar, and Anil Zenginoglu, Horizon-absorption effects in coalescing black-hole binaries: An effective-one-body study of the non-spinning case, Phys. Rev. D 86, 104038 (2012).
  93. Andrea Taracchini, Alessandra Buonanno, Scott A. Hughes, and Gaurav Khanna, Modeling the horizon-absorbed gravitational flux for equatorial-circular orbits in Kerr spacetime, Phys. Rev. D 88, 044001 (2013).
  94. Andrea Taracchini, Alessandra Buonanno, Gaurav Khanna, and Scott A. Hughes, Small mass plunging into a Kerr black hole: Anatomy of the inspiral-merger-ringdown waveforms, Phys. Rev. D 90, 084025 (2014).
  95. Guglielmo Faggioli, Maarten van de Meent, Alessandra Buonanno, Aldo Gamboa, Mohammed Khalil, and Gaurav Khanna, Testing eccentric corrections to the radiation-reaction force in the test-mass limit of effective-one-body models, Phys. Rev. D 111, 044036 (2025).
  96. Patricia Schmidt, Mark Hannam, Sascha Husa, and P. Ajith, Tracking the precession of compact binaries from their gravitational-wave signal, Phys. Rev. D 84, 024046 (2011).
  97. Michael Boyle, Robert Owen, and Harald P. Pfeiffer, A geometric approach to the precession of compact binaries, Phys. Rev. D 84, 124011 (2011).
  98. Patricia Schmidt, Mark Hannam, and Sascha Husa, Towards models of gravitational waveforms from generic binaries: A simple approximate mapping between precessing and non-precessing inspiral signals, Phys. Rev. D 86, 104063 (2012).
  99. Mark Hannam, Patricia Schmidt, Alejandro Bohé, Leïla Haegel, Sascha Husa, Frank Ohme, Geraint Pratten, and Michael Pürrer, Simple model of complete precessing black-hole-binary gravitational waveforms, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 151101 (2014).
  100. Alessandro Nagar, Alice Bonino, and Piero Rettegno, Effective one-body multipolar waveform model for spin-aligned, quasicircular, eccentric, hyperbolic black hole binaries, Phys. Rev. D 103, 104021 (2021).
  101. Sebastiano Bernuzzi, Alessandro Nagar, Marcus Thierfelder, and Bernd Brügmann, Tidal effects in binary neutron star coalescence, Phys. Rev. D 86, 044030 (2012).
  102. Donato Bini and Thibault Damour, Gravitational self-force corrections to two-body tidal interactions and the effective one-body formalism, Phys. Rev. D 90, 124037 (2014).
  103. Sebastiano Bernuzzi, Alessandro Nagar, Tim Dietrich, and Thibault Damour, Modeling the dynamics of tidally interacting binary neutron stars up to the merger, Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 161103 (2015).
  104. Sarp Akcay, Sebastiano Bernuzzi, Francesco Messina, Alessandro Nagar, Néstor Ortiz, and Piero Rettegno, Effective-one-body multipolar waveform for tidally interacting binary neutron stars up to merger, Phys. Rev. D 99, 044051 (2019).
  105. Matteo Breschi, Sebastiano Bernuzzi, Francesco Zappa, Michalis Agathos, Albino Perego, David Radice, and Alessandro Nagar, Kilohertz gravitational waves from binary neutron star remnants: Time-domain model and constraints on extreme matter, Phys. Rev. D 100, 104029 (2019).
  106. Matteo Breschi, Rossella Gamba, Ssohrab Borhanian, Gregorio Carullo, and Sebastiano Bernuzzi, Kilohertz gravitational waves from binary neutron star mergers: Inference of postmerger signals with the Einstein Telescope, arXiv:2205.09979.
  107. Sebastiano Bernuzzi, Tim Dietrich, and Alessandro Nagar, Modeling the complete gravitational wave spectrum of neutron star mergers, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 091101 (2015).
  108. Matteo Breschi, Sebastiano Bernuzzi, Daniel Godzieba, Albino Perego, and David Radice, Constraints on the maximum densities of neutron stars from postmerger gravitational waves with third-generation observations, Phys. Rev. Lett. 128, 161102 (2022).
  109. Aviral Prakash, Ish Gupta, Matteo Breschi, Rahul Kashyap, David Radice, Sebastiano Bernuzzi, Domenico Logoteta, and B. S. Sathyaprakash, Detectability of QCD phase transitions in binary neutron star mergers: Bayesian inference with the next generation gravitational wave detectors, Phys. Rev. D 109, 103008 (2024).
  110. Jacob Fields, Aviral Prakash, Matteo Breschi, David Radice, Sebastiano Bernuzzi, and André da Silva Schneider, Thermal effects in binary neutron star mergers, Astrophys. J. Lett. 952, L36 (2023).
  111. Alejandra Gonzalez, Sebastiano Bernuzzi, Alireza Rashti, Francesco Brandoli, and Rossella Gamba, Black-hole—neutron-star mergers: New numerical-relativity simulations and multipolar effective-one-body model with spin precession and eccentricity, arXiv:2507.00113.
  112. Alessandro Nagar and Piero Rettegno, Efficient effective one body time-domain gravitational waveforms, Phys. Rev. D 99, 021501 (2019).
  113. SXS Gravitational Waveform Database, https://data.black-holes.org/waveforms/index.html.
  114. Tim Dietrich, David Radice, Sebastiano Bernuzzi, Francesco Zappa, Albino Perego, Bernd Brügmann, Swami Vivekanandji Chaurasia, Reetika Dudi, Wolfgang Tichy, and Maximiliano Ujevic, core database of binary neutron star merger waveforms, Classical Quantum Gravity 35, 24LT01 (2018).
  115. Alejandra Gonzalez et al., Second release of the core database of binary neutron star merger waveforms, Classical Quantum Gravity 40, 085011 (2023).
  116. Ian Harry, Juan Calderón Bustillo, and Alex Nitz, Searching for the full symphony of black hole binary mergers, Phys. Rev. D 97, 023004 (2018).
  117. Updated Advanced LIGO sensitivity design curve, https://dcc.ligo.org/LIGO-T1800044/public.
  118. Geraint Pratten et al., Computationally efficient models for the dominant and subdominant harmonic modes of precessing binary black holes, Phys. Rev. D 103, 104056 (2021).
  119. C. M. Biwer, Collin D. Capano, Soumi De, Miriam Cabero, Duncan A. Brown, Alexander H. Nitz, and V. Raymond, pycbc inference: A python-based parameter estimation toolkit for compact binary coalescence signals, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 131, 024503 (2019).
  120. Thibault Damour, Federico Guercilena, Ian Hinder, Seth Hopper, Alessandro Nagar, and Luciano Rezzolla, Strong-field scattering of two black holes: Numerics versus analytics, Phys. Rev. D 89, 081503 (2014).
  121. Thibault Damour and Piero Rettegno, Strong-field scattering of two black holes: Numerical relativity meets post-Minkowskian gravity, Phys. Rev. D 107, 064051 (2023).
  122. Piero Rettegno, Geraint Pratten, Lucy M. Thomas, Patricia Schmidt, and Thibault Damour, Strong-field scattering of two spinning black holes: Numerical relativity versus post-Minkowskian gravity, Phys. Rev. D 108, 124016 (2023).
  123. Joan Fontbuté, Tomas Andrade, Raimon Luna, Juan Calderón Bustillo, Gonzalo Morrás, Santiago Jaraba, Juan García-Bellido, and Germán López Izquierdo, Numerical-relativity surrogate model for hyperbolic encounters of black holes: Challenges in parameter estimation, Phys. Rev. D 111, 044024 (2025).
  124. Shaun Swain, Geraint Pratten, and Patricia Schmidt, Strong field scattering of black holes: Assessing resummation strategies, Phys. Rev. D 111, 064048 (2025).
  125. Tony Chu, Harald P. Pfeiffer, and Mark A. Scheel, High accuracy simulations of black hole binaries: Spins anti-aligned with the orbital angular momentum, Phys. Rev. D 80, 124051 (2009).
  126. Geoffrey Lovelace, Mark. A. Scheel, and Bela Szilagyi, Simulating merging binary black holes with nearly extremal spins, Phys. Rev. D 83, 024010 (2011).
  127. Geoffrey Lovelace, Michael Boyle, Mark A. Scheel, and Bela Szilagyi, Accurate gravitational waveforms for binary-black-hole mergers with nearly extremal spins, Classical Quantum Gravity 29, 045003 (2012).
  128. Luisa T. Buchman, Harald P. Pfeiffer, Mark A. Scheel, and Bela Szilagyi, Simulations of non-equal mass black hole binaries with spectral methods, Phys. Rev. D 86, 084033 (2012).
  129. Daniel A. Hemberger, Geoffrey Lovelace, Thomas J. Loredo, Lawrence E. Kidder, Mark A. Scheel, Béla Szilágyi, Nicholas W. Taylor, and Saul A. Teukolsky, Final spin and radiated energy in numerical simulations of binary black holes with equal masses and equal, aligned or anti-aligned spins, Phys. Rev. D 88, 064014 (2013).
  130. Mark A. Scheel, Matthew Giesler, Daniel A. Hemberger, Geoffrey Lovelace, Kevin Kuper, Michael Boyle, B. Szilágyi, and Lawrence E. Kidder, Improved methods for simulating nearly extremal binary black holes, Classical Quantum Gravity 32, 105009 (2015).
  131. Jonathan Blackman, Scott E. Field, Chad R. Galley, Béla Szilágyi, Mark A. Scheel, Manuel Tiglio, and Daniel A. Hemberger, Fast and accurate prediction of numerical relativity waveforms from binary black hole coalescences using surrogate models, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 121102 (2015).
  132. Geoffrey Lovelace et al., Nearly extremal apparent horizons in simulations of merging black holes, Classical Quantum Gravity 32, 065007 (2015).
  133. Abdul H. Mroue, Mark A. Scheel, Bela Szilagyi, Harald P. Pfeiffer, Michael Boyle et al., A catalog of 174 binary black-hole simulations for gravitational-wave astronomy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 241104 (2013).
  134. Prayush Kumar, Kevin Barkett, Swetha Bhagwat, Nousha Afshari, Duncan A. Brown, Geoffrey Lovelace, Mark A. Scheel, and Béla Szilágyi, Accuracy and precision of gravitational-wave models of inspiraling neutron star-black hole binaries with spin: Comparison with matter-free numerical relativity in the low-frequency regime, Phys. Rev. D 92, 102001 (2015).
  135. Tony Chu, Heather Fong, Prayush Kumar, Harald P. Pfeiffer, Michael Boyle, Daniel A. Hemberger, Lawrence E. Kidder, Mark A. Scheel, and Bela Szilagyi, On the accuracy and precision of numerical waveforms: Effect of waveform extraction methodology, Classical Quantum Gravity 33, 165001 (2016).
  136. Michael Boyle et al., The SXS Collaboration catalog of binary black hole simulations, Classical Quantum Gravity 36, 195006 (2019).
  137. James Healy and Carlos O. Lousto, Third RIT binary black hole simulations catalog, Phys. Rev. D 102, 104018 (2020).
  138. James Healy and Carlos O. Lousto, Fourth RIT binary black hole simulations catalog: Extension to eccentric orbits, Phys. Rev. D 105, 124010 (2022).
  139. Juan Trenado Garcia, Tomás Andrade Weber, Ana Climent Catalá, and Maria Antònia Ferrer Martínez, Data from eccentric binary black holes numerical relativity simulations, https://dataverse.csuc.cat/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.34810/data1297; J. Trenado, T. Andrade, A. Climent, and M. A. FerrerFirst ICCUB numerical relativity waveform catalog of eccentric black hole binaries, arXiv:2509.05269.
  140. Boris Daszuta, Francesco Zappa, William Cook, David Radice, Sebastiano Bernuzzi, and Viktoriya Morozova, gr-athena++: Puncture evolutions on vertex-centered oct-tree adaptive mesh refinement, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 257, 25 (2021).
  141. Alireza Rashti, Maitraya Bhattacharyya, David Radice, Boris Daszuta, William Cook, and Sebastiano Bernuzzi, Adaptive mesh refinement in binary black holes simulations, Classical Quantum Gravity 41, 095001 (2024).
  142. Boris Daszuta, William Cook, Peter Hammond, Jacob Fields, Eduardo M. Gutiérrez, Sebastiano Bernuzzi, and David Radice, Numerical relativity simulations of compact binaries: Comparison of cell- and vertex-centered adaptive meshes, Phys. Rev. D 112, 103006 (2025).
  143. See Supplemental Material at http://link.aps.org/supplemental/10.1103/3snf-w1x7 for more detailed discussion of the EOB approach for dynamical captures and scatterings, together with a more detailed description of the greedy algorithm presented in the main text, includes additional Refs. [144–153].
  144. Richard W. O’Shaughnessy, Transition from inspiral to plunge for eccentric equatorial Kerr orbits, Phys. Rev. D 67, 044004 (2003).
  145. Leo C. Stein and Niels Warburton, Location of the last stable orbit in Kerr spacetime, Phys. Rev. D 101, 064007 (2020).
  146. Bernd Brügmann, Jose A. Gonzalez, Mark Hannam, Sascha Husa, Ulrich Sperhake, and Wolfgang Tichy, Calibration of moving puncture simulations, Phys. Rev. D 77, 024027 (2008).
  147. Marcus Thierfelder, Sebastiano Bernuzzi, and Bernd Brügmann, Numerical relativity simulations of binary neutron stars, Phys. Rev. D 84, 044012 (2011).
  148. Seth Hopper, Alessandro Nagar, and Piero Rettegno, Strong-field scattering of two spinning black holes: Numerics versus analytics, Phys. Rev. D 107, 124034 (2023).
  149. Alessandro Nagar, Rossella Gamba, Piero Rettegno, Veronica Fantini, and Sebastiano Bernuzzi, Effective-one-body waveform model for noncircularized, planar, coalescing black hole binaries: The importance of radiation reaction, Phys. Rev. D 110, 084001 (2024).
  150. Sebastiano Bernuzzi, Marcus Thierfelder, and Bernd Brügmann, Accuracy of numerical relativity waveforms from binary neutron star mergers and their comparison with post-Newtonian waveforms, Phys. Rev. D 85, 104030 (2012).
  151. Scott E. Field, Chad R. Galley, Frank Herrmann, Jan S. Hesthaven, Evan Ochsner, and Manuel Tiglio, Reduced basis catalogs for gravitational wave templates, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 221102 (2011).
  152. Priscilla Canizares, Scott E. Field, Jonathan R. Gair, and Manuel Tiglio, Gravitational wave parameter estimation with compressed likelihood evaluations, Phys. Rev. D 87, 124005 (2013).
  153. Jocelyn S. Read, Benjamin D. Lackey, Benjamin J. Owen, and John L. Friedman, Constraints on a phenomenologically parameterized neutron-star equation of state, Phys. Rev. D 79, 124032 (2009).
  154. B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific and Virgo Collaborations), GW170817: Observation of gravitational waves from a binary neutron star inspiral, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 161101 (2017).
  155. Ka Wa Tsang, Tim Dietrich, and Chris Van Den Broeck, Modeling the postmerger gravitational wave signal and extracting binary properties from future binary neutron star detections, Phys. Rev. D 100, 044047 (2019).
  156. Koutarou Kyutoku, Masaru Shibata, and Keisuke Taniguchi, Gravitational waves from nonspinning black hole-neutron star binaries: Dependence on equations of state, Phys. Rev. D 82, 044049 (2010); 84, 049902(E) (2011).
  157. Koutarou Kyutoku, Kunihito Ioka, Hirotada Okawa, Masaru Shibata, and Keisuke Taniguchi, Dynamical mass ejection from black hole-neutron star binaries, Phys. Rev. D 92, 044028 (2015).
  158. Matthew Duez, Larry Kidder, Mark Scheel, Bela Szilagyi, Francois Foucart, Ilana MacDonald, Abdul Mroue, Michael Grudich, Luisa Buchman, and Harald Pfeiffer, Black-hole neutron-star binary simulation SXS:BHNS:0001 (2019), https://zenodo.org/records/3273816.
  159. Larry Kidder, Harald Pfeiffer, Mark Scheel, Bela Szilagyi, Matthew Duez, Francois Foucart, Ilana MacDonald, Michael Grudich, and Luisa Buchman, Black-hole neutron-star binary simulation SXS:BHNS:0002 (2019), https://zenodo.org/records/3311707.
  160. SXS Collaboration, Black-hole neutron-star binary simulation SXS:BHNS:0003 (2019), https://zenodo.org/records/2626628.
  161. Larry Kidder, Tanja Hinderer, Roland Haas, Michael Boyle, Andrew Williamson, Alessandra Buonanno, Harald Pfeiffer, Dan Hemberger, Mark Scheel, Francois Foucart, and Matthew Duez, Black-hole neutron-star binary simulation SXS:BHNS:0004 (2019), https://zenodo.org/records/3273819.
  162. Francois Foucart, Andrew Williamson, Larry Kidder, Roland Haas, Tanja Hinderer, Dan Hemberger, Matthew Duez, Mark Scheel, Harald Pfeiffer, Alessandra Buonanno, and Michael Boyle, Black-hole neutron-star binary simulation SXS:BHNS:0005 (2019), https://zenodo.org/records/3337268.
  163. Alessandra Buonanno, Andrew Williamson, Tanja Hinderer, Harald Pfeiffer, Mark Scheel, Dan Hemberger, Roland Haas, Francois Foucart, Matthew Duez, Larry Kidder, and Michael Boyle, Black-hole neutron-star binary simulation SXS:BHNS:0006 (2019), https://zenodo.org/records/3337269.
  164. Tanja Hinderer, Larry Kidder, Mark Scheel, Dan Hemberger, Andrew Williamson, Matthew Duez, Harald Pfeiffer, Francois Foucart, Roland Haas, Alessandra Buonanno, and Michael Boyle, Black-hole neutron-star binary simulation SXS:BHNS:0007 (2019), https://zenodo.org/records/3273817.
  165. Francois Foucart, Matthew Duez, Michael Boyle, Francois Hebert, Mark Scheel, Alexander Chernoglazov, Harald Pfeiffer, and Larry Kidder, Black-hole neutron-star binary simulation SXS:BHNS:0008 (2020), https://zenodo.org/records/4139881.
  166. Matthew Duez, Mark Scheel, Larry Kidder, Michael Boyle, Harald Pfeiffer, Francois Foucart, Alexander Chernoglazov, and Francois Hebert, Black-hole neutron-star binary simulation SXS:BHNS:0009 (2020), https://zenodo.org/records/4139890.
  167. Thibault Damour, Alessandro Nagar, Denis Pollney, and Christian Reisswig, Energy versus angular momentum in black hole binaries, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 131101 (2012).
  168. Tanja Hinderer et al., Periastron advance in spinning black hole binaries: Comparing effective-one-body and numerical relativity, Phys. Rev. D 88, 084005 (2013).
  169. Gregorio Carullo, Simone Albanesi, Alessandro Nagar, Rossella Gamba, Sebastiano Bernuzzi, Tomas Andrade, and Juan Trenado, Unveiling the merger structure of black hole binaries in generic planar orbits, Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 101401 (2024).
  170. Marina De Amicis, Simone Albanesi, and Gregorio Carullo, Inspiral-inherited ringdown tails, Phys. Rev. D 110, 104005 (2024).
  171. Tousif Islam, Guglielmo Faggioli, Gaurav Khanna, Scott E. Field, Maarten van de Meent, and Alessandra Buonanno, Phenomenology and origin of late-time tails in eccentric binary black hole mergers, Phys. Rev. D 112, 024061 (2025).
  172. Marina De Amicis et al., Late-time tails in nonlinear evolutions of merging black holes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 171401 (2025).
  173. Sizheng Ma, Mark A. Scheel, Jordan Moxon, Kyle C. Nelli, Nils Deppe, Lawrence E. Kidder, William Throwe, and Nils L. Vu, Merging black holes with Cauchy-characteristic matching: Computation of late-time tails, Phys. Rev. D 112, 024003 (2025).
  174. Simone Albanesi, Real modes and null memory contributions in effective-one-body models, Phys. Rev. D 111, L121501 (2025).
  175. Danilo Chiaramello and Rossella Gamba, Horizon absorption on noncircular, planar binary black hole dynamics, Phys. Rev. D 111, 024024 (2025).
  176. Alessandro Nagar and Simone Albanesi, Toward a gravitational self-force-informed effective-one-body waveform model for nonprecessing, eccentric, large-mass-ratio inspirals, Phys. Rev. D 106, 064049 (2022).
  177. Angelica Albertini, Alessandro Nagar, Adam Pound, Niels Warburton, Barry Wardell, Leanne Durkan, and Jeremy Miller, Comparing second-order gravitational self-force, numerical relativity, and effective one body waveforms from inspiralling, quasicircular, and nonspinning black hole binaries, Phys. Rev. D 106, 084061 (2022).
  178. Angelica Albertini, Alessandro Nagar, Adam Pound, Niels Warburton, Barry Wardell, Leanne Durkan, and Jeremy Miller, Comparing second-order gravitational self-force and effective one body waveforms from inspiralling, quasicircular and nonspinning black hole binaries. II. The large-mass-ratio case, Phys. Rev. D 106, 084062 (2022).
  179. Angelica Albertini, Rossella Gamba, Alessandro Nagar, and Sebastiano Bernuzzi, Effective-one-body waveforms for extreme-mass-ratio binaries: Consistency with second-order gravitational self-force quasicircular results and extension to nonprecessing spins and eccentricity, Phys. Rev. D 109, 044022 (2024).
  180. Angelica Albertini, Alessandro Nagar, Josh Mathews, and Georgios Lukes-Gerakopoulos, Comparing second-order gravitational self-force and effective-one-body waveforms from inspiralling, quasicircular black hole binaries with a nonspinning primary and a spinning secondary, Phys. Rev. D 110, 044034 (2024).
  181. Angelica Albertini, Viktor Skoupý, Georgios Lukes-Gerakopoulos, and Alessandro Nagar, Comparing effective-one-body and Mathisson-Papapetrou-Dixon results for a spinning test particle on circular equatorial orbits around a Kerr black hole, Phys. Rev. D 111, 064086 (2025).
  182. Alessandra Buonanno, Gustav Uhre, and Gustav Mogull, Post-Minkowskian theory meets the spinning effective-one-body approach for two-body scattering, Phys. Rev. D 110, 044038 (2024).
  183. Alessandra Buonanno, Gustav Mogull, Raj Patil, and Lorenzo Pompili, Post-Minkowskian theory meets the spinning effective-one-body approach for bound-orbit waveforms, Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 211402 (2024).
  184. Thibault Damour, Alessandro Nagar, Andrea Placidi, and Piero Rettegno, A novel Lagrange-multiplier approach to the effective-one-body dynamics of binary systems in post-Minkowskian gravity, arXiv:2503.05487.
  185. www.gauss-centre.eu.
  186. https://bitbucket.org/teobresums/teobresums/src/Dali/.
  187. https://github.com/RoxGamba/PyART.

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. D 112, L121503– Published 15 December, 2025
  • Received 24 March 2025
  • Accepted 14 November 2025
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation