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    Phantom mirage from axion dark energy

    Rayne Liu1, Yijie Zhu2, Wayne Hu1, and Vivian Miranda3

    Phys. Rev. D 113, 083506 – Published 3 April, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/3s1m-9zpc

    Abstract

    Supernova (SN) and baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) distance measures have recently provided hints that the dark energy is not only dynamical but apparently evolves from normal to phantom dark energy between redshifts 0<z<1. A normal axion dark energy component in the mass range just below the Hubble scale can mimic a phantom component by appearing as dark energy at z=1 and dark matter at z=0, raising the possibility of a phantom mirage. We show that there is a wide range of axion dark energy contributions that can resolve the SN-BAO tension as well as thawing quintessence does, leaving BAO tension with the cosmic microwave background (CMB) for the distance measures from z∼1 to recombination to be resolved at high redshifts. With axions, raising the optical depth to reionization to τ≈0.1 works essentially as well as w0−wa phantom dark energy for all but the lowE CMB data, with a remaining Δχ2∼−16 compared with Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM), whereas a small spatial curvature of ΩK∼0.003 can largely relax the full SN-BAO-CMB tension with a total Δχ2∼−12.

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