- Open Access
Interpreting the 650 GeV and 95 GeV Higgs anomalies in the next-to-two-Higgs-doublet model
Phys. Rev. D 113, 055028 – Published 18 March, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/3pmc-3wdz
Abstract
Recent experimental hints from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in diphoton and partially in the final states suggest the possible existence of an additional Higgs boson with a mass around 95 GeV. Interestingly, these observations are consistent with earlier results from the Large Electron-Positron collider, which pointed to an excess in final states within a similar mass range. Additionally, CMS has observed an excess in the final state, indicating a possible resonance near 650 GeV decaying into a pair of Standard Model (SM)-like Higgs bosons or into a SM-like Higgs boson accompanied by a lighter scalar with mass near 95 GeV. In this work, we investigate whether these anomalies can be simultaneously explained within the next-to-two-Higgs-doublet model (N2HDM), an extension of the SM scalar sector featuring two complex Higgs doublets and an additional real singlet. Assuming the existence of a -even Higgs state compatible with the 95 GeV excesses (restricted to the and channels), we analyze the Type-II and Type-Y Yukawa structures, taking the observed 650 GeV resonance to be a -even Higgs state. An extensive parameter scan is performed, incorporating the latest constraints from the properties of the observed 125 GeV Higgs boson, direct searches for additional Higgs states, flavor physics data, and electroweak precision observables. Our results show that a heavy -even Higgs resonance around 650 GeV, produced predominantly via gluon-gluon fusion and subsequently decaying into a 125 GeV Higgs boson together with another scalar at approximately 95 GeV, can be simultaneously accommodated within both the N2HDM Type-II and Type-Y frameworks in parameter regions that remain consistent with the relevant experimental intervals for the reported excesses, once all theoretical and experimental constraints are imposed. This interpretation leads to distinctive and testable predictions for the ongoing LHC Run 3 and the forthcoming high-luminosity LHC phase, in particular through correlated rates in the , , , and final states.
Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)
Article Text
References (125)
- S. Chatrchyan et al. (CMS Collaboration), Phys. Lett. B 716, 30 (2012).
- G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collaboration), Phys. Lett. B 716, 1 (2012).
- U. Ellwanger, C. Hugonie, and A. M. Teixeira, Phys. Rep. 496, 1 (2010).
- A. Dedes, C. Hugonie, S. Moretti, and K. Tamvakis, Phys. Rev. D 63, 055009 (2001).
- S. Moretti and S. Khalil, Supersymmetry Beyond Minimality: From Theory to Experiment (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2019).
- J. F. Gunion, H. E. Haber, G. L. Kane, and S. Dawson, arXiv:hep-ph/9302272.
- G. C. Branco, P. M. Ferreira, L. Lavoura, M. N. Rebelo, M. Sher, and J. P. Silva, Phys. Rep. 516, 1 (2012).
- M. Muhlleitner, M. O. P. Sampaio, R. Santos, and J. Wittbrodt, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2017) 094.
- C.-Y. Chen, M. Freid, and M. Sher, Phys. Rev. D 89, 075009 (2014).
- M. Mühlleitner, M. O. P. Sampaio, R. Santos, and J. Wittbrodt, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2017) 132.
- P. M. Ferreira, M. Mühlleitner, R. Santos, G. Weiglein, and J. Wittbrodt, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2019) 006.
- I. Engeln, P. Ferreira, M. M. Mühlleitner, R. Santos, and J. Wittbrodt, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2020) 085.
- A. Arhrib, R. Benbrik, M. El Kacimi, L. Rahili, and S. Semlali, Eur. Phys. J. C 80, 13 (2020).
- A. Arhrib, R. Benbrik, L. Rahili, S. Semlali, and B. Taki, Eur. Phys. J. C 84, 799 (2024).
- M. Binjonaid, Particles 8, 10 (2025).
- S. Schael et al. (ALEPH Collaboration, DELPHI Collaboration, L3 Collaboration, OPAL Collaboration, and LEP Working Group for Higgs Boson Searches), Eur. Phys. J. C 47, 547 (2006).
- A. M. Sirunyan et al. (CMS Collaboration), Phys. Lett. B 793, 320 (2019).
- A. Hayrapetyan et al. (CMS Collaboration), Phys. Lett. B 860, 139067 (2025).
- G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collaboration), J. High Energy Phys. 01 (2025) 053.
- Search for diphoton resonances in the 66 to 110 GeV mass range using of 13 TeV collisions collected with the ATLAS detector, http://cds.cern.ch/record/2862024, CERN, Geneva, 2023.
- A. Tumasyan et al. (CMS Collaboration), J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2023) 073.
- J. Cao, X. Guo, Y. He, P. Wu, and Y. Zhang, Phys. Rev. D 95, 116001 (2017).
- S. Heinemeyer, C. Li, F. Lika, G. Moortgat-Pick, and S. Paasch, Phys. Rev. D 106, 075003 (2022).
- T. Biekötter, A. Grohsjean, S. Heinemeyer, C. Schwanenberger, and G. Weiglein, Eur. Phys. J. C 82, 178 (2022).
- T. Biekötter, M. Chakraborti, and S. Heinemeyer, Eur. Phys. J. C 80, 2 (2020).
- J. Cao, X. Jia, Y. Yue, H. Zhou, and P. Zhu, Phys. Rev. D 101, 055008 (2020).
- T. Biekötter, S. Heinemeyer, and G. Weiglein, Eur. Phys. J. C 83, 450 (2023).
- S. Iguro, T. Kitahara, and Y. Omura, Eur. Phys. J. C 82, 1053 (2022).
- W. Li, J. Zhu, K. Wang, S. Ma, P. Tian, and H. Qiao, Chin. Phys. C 47, 123102 (2023).
- J. M. Cline and T. Toma, Phys. Rev. D 100, 035023 (2019).
- T. Biekötter and M. O. Olea-Romacho, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2021) 215.
- A. Crivellin, J. Heeck, and D. Müller, Phys. Rev. D 97, 035008 (2018).
- G. Cacciapaglia, A. Deandrea, S. Gascon-Shotkin, S. Le Corre, M. Lethuillier, and J. Tao, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2016) 068.
- A. A. Abdelalim, B. Das, S. Khalil, and S. Moretti, Nucl. Phys. B985, 116013 (2022).
- T. Biekötter, S. Heinemeyer, and G. Weiglein, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2022) 201.
- T. Biekötter, S. Heinemeyer, and G. Weiglein, Phys. Lett. B 846, 138217 (2023).
- D. Azevedo, T. Biekötter, and P. M. Ferreira, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2023) 017.
- T. Biekötter, S. Heinemeyer, and G. Weiglein, Phys. Rev. D 109, 035005 (2024).
- J. Cao, X. Jia, and J. Lian, Phys. Rev. D 110, 115039 (2024).
- K. Wang and J. Zhu, Chin. Phys. C 48, 073105 (2024).
- W. Li, H. Qiao, K. Wang, and J. Zhu, arXiv:2312.17599.
- P. S. B. Dev, R. N. Mohapatra, and Y. Zhang, Phys. Lett. B 849, 138481 (2024).
- D. Borah, S. Mahapatra, P. K. Paul, and N. Sahu, Phys. Rev. D 109, 055021 (2024).
- J. Cao, X. Jia, J. Lian, and L. Meng, Phys. Rev. D 109, 075001 (2024).
- J. A. Aguilar-Saavedra, H. B. Câmara, F. R. Joaquim, and J. F. Seabra, Phys. Rev. D 108, 075020 (2023).
- S. Ashanujjaman, S. Banik, G. Coloretti, A. Crivellin, B. Mellado, and A.-T. Mulaudzi, Phys. Rev. D 108, L091704 (2023).
- J. Dutta, J. Lahiri, C. Li, G. Moortgat-Pick, S. F. Tabira, and J. A. Ziegler, Eur. Phys. J. C 84, 926 (2024).
- U. Ellwanger and C. Hugonie, Eur. Phys. J. C 84, 526 (2024).
- M. A. Diaz, G. Cerro, S. Dasmahapatra, and S. Moretti, SciPost Phys. Core 8, 068 (2025).
- U. Ellwanger, C. Hugonie, S. F. King, and S. Moretti, Eur. Phys. J. C 84, 788 (2024).
- S. Y. Ayazi, M. Hosseini, S. Paktinat Mehdiabadi, and R. Rouzbehi, Phys. Rev. D 110, 055004 (2024).
- G. Coloretti, A. Crivellin, S. Bhattacharya, and B. Mellado, Phys. Rev. D 108, 035026 (2023).
- S. Bhattacharya, G. Coloretti, A. Crivellin, S.-E. Dahbi, Y. Fang, M. Kumar, and B. Mellado, arXiv:2306.17209.
- A. Ahriche, M. L. Bellilet, M. O. Khojali, M. Kumar, and A.-T. Mulaudzi, Phys. Rev. D 110, 015025 (2024).
- A. Ahriche, Phys. Rev. D 110, 035010 (2024).
- R. Benbrik, M. Boukidi, S. Moretti, and S. Semlali, Phys. Lett. B 832, 137245 (2022).
- R. Benbrik, M. Boukidi, S. Moretti, and S. Semlali, Proc. Sci., ICHEP2022 (2022) 547 [arXiv:2211.11140].
- A. Belyaev, R. Benbrik, M. Boukidi, M. Chakraborti, S. Moretti, and S. Semlali, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2024) 209.
- P. Janot, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2024) 223.
- S. Gao, S.-M. Zhao, S. Di, X.-X. Dong, and T.-F. Feng, Nucl. Phys. B1018, 117026 (2025).
- R. Benbrik, M. Boukidi, and S. Moretti, Phys. Rev. D 110, 115030 (2024).
- Z. Li, N. Liu, and B. Zhu, Chin. Phys. 50, 023110 (2026).
- A. Hmissou, S. Moretti, and L. Rahili, Phys. Rev. D 113, 015024 (2026).
- J. Gao, X.-F. Han, J. Ma, L. Wang, and H. Xu, Phys. Rev. D 110, 115045 (2024).
- J. Dutta, J. Lahiri, C. Li, G. Moortgat-Pick, S. F. Tabira, and J. A. Ziegler, arXiv:2504.14529.
- G. Abbas, V. Singh, and N. Singh, arXiv:2504.21593.
- H. Xu, Y. Wang, X.-F. Han, and L. Wang, Chin. Phys. 50, 013108 (2026).
- A. Arhrib, K. H. Phan, V. Q. Tran, and T.-C. Yuan, Nucl. Phys. B1015, 116909 (2025).
- A. M. Coutinho, A. Karan, V. Miralles, and A. Pich, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2025) 057.
- G. Abbas and N. Singh, Eur. Phys. J. Plus 141, 37 (2026).
- S. Baek, P. Ko, Y. Omura, and C. Yu, Eur. Phys. J. C 85, 908 (2025).
- S. Banik, G. Coloretti, A. Crivellin, and H. E. Haber, Phys. Rev. D 111, 075021 (2025).
- T. Mondal, S. Moretti, and P. Sanyal, Phys. Lett. B 872, 140041 (2026).
- Y. Dong, K. Wang, and J. Zhu, Phys. Rev. D 112, 055013 (2025).
- T. Robens, EPJ Web Conf. 315, 01025 (2024).
- B. Ait-Ouazghour, M. Chabab, and K. Goure, arXiv:2410.11140.
- A. Khanna, S. Moretti, and A. Sarkar, Nucl. Phys. B1022, 117229 (2026).
- P. Janot, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2024) 223.
- S. Yaser Ayazi, M. Hosseini, S. Paktinat Mehdiabadi, and R. Rouzbehi, Phys. Rev. D 110, 055004 (2024).
- O. M. Ogreid, P. Osland, and M. N. Rebelo, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2025) 111.
- X. Du, H. Liu, and Q. Chang, Phys. Rev. D 112, 015019 (2025).
- J. Lian, Phys. Rev. D 110, 115018 (2024).
- Q. Chang, X. Du, and P. Zhu, arXiv:2509.26155.
- A. Kundu, P. Mondal, and G. Moultaka, arXiv:2411.14126.
- P. Mondal and S. Samanta, arXiv:2506.06427.
- A. Tumasyan et al. (CMS Collaboration), J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2024) 316.
- A. Tumasyan et al. (CMS Collaboration), J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2021) 057.
- A. G. Akeroyd, S. Moretti, and M. Song, J. Phys. G 49, 085004 (2022).
- A. Arhrib, M. Krab, and S. Semlali, J. Phys. G 51, 115003 (2024).
- N. Bernal, M. Losada, Y. Nir, and Y. Shpilman, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2023) 078.
- S. Banik, A. Crivellin, S. Iguro, and T. Kitahara, Phys. Rev. D 108, 075011 (2023).
- U. Ellwanger and C. Hugonie, Eur. Phys. J. C 83, 1138 (2023).
- R. Benbrik, M. Boukidi, K. Kahime, S. Moretti, L. Rahili, and B. Taki, Phys. Lett. B 868, 139688 (2025).
- A. Khanna, S. Moretti, and A. Sarkar, arXiv:2509.06017.
- A. Hmissou, S. Moretti, and L. Rahili, Phys. Rev. D 112, 075049 (2025).
- A. M. Sirunyan et al. (CMS Collaboration), J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2020) 055.
- G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collaboration), J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2023) 016.
- G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collaboration), Eur. Phys. J. C 81, 396 (2021).
- A. Hayrapetyan et al. (CMS Collaboration), Phys. Lett. B 866, 139568 (2025).
- G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 051801 (2020).
- J. F. Gunion and H. E. Haber, Phys. Rev. D 67, 075019 (2003).
- R. Coimbra, M. O. P. Sampaio, and R. Santos, Eur. Phys. J. C 73, 2428 (2013).
- M. Mühlleitner, M. O. P. Sampaio, R. Santos, and J. Wittbrodt, Eur. Phys. J. C 82, 198 (2022).
- K. G. Klimenko, Theor. Math. Phys. 62, 58 (1985).
- J. W. et al., Evade project, https://gitlab.com/jonaswittbrodt/EVADE.
- W. G. Hollik, G. Weiglein, and J. Wittbrodt, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2019) 109.
- M. E. Peskin and T. Takeuchi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 964 (1990).
- M. E. Peskin and T. Takeuchi, Phys. Rev. D 46, 381 (1992).
- W. Grimus, L. Lavoura, O. M. Ogreid, and P. Osland, J. Phys. G 35, 075001 (2008).
- W. Grimus, L. Lavoura, O. M. Ogreid, and P. Osland, Nucl. Phys. B801, 81 (2008).
- G. Group, J. Haller, A. Hoecker, R. Kogler, K. Mönig, T. Peiffer, and J. Stelzer, Eur. Phys. J. C 78, 675 (2018).
- J. Haller, A. Hoecker, R. Kogler, K. Mönig, T. Peiffer, and J. Stelzer, Eur. Phys. J. C 78, 675 (2018).
- H. Bahl, T. Biekötter, S. Heinemeyer, C. Li, S. Paasch, G. Weiglein, and J. Wittbrodt, Comput. Phys. Commun. 291, 108803 (2023).
- P. Bechtle, D. Dercks, S. Heinemeyer, T. Klingl, T. Stefaniak, G. Weiglein, and J. Wittbrodt, Eur. Phys. J. C 80, 1211 (2020).
- P. Bechtle, S. Heinemeyer, T. Klingl, T. Stefaniak, G. Weiglein, and J. Wittbrodt, Eur. Phys. J. C 81, 145 (2021).
- I. Engeln, M. Mühlleitner, and J. Wittbrodt, Comput. Phys. Commun. 234, 256 (2019).
- A. Azatov, R. Contino, and J. Galloway, J. High Energy Phys. 04 (2012) 127.
- T. Biekötter, S. Heinemeyer, and G. Weiglein, Phys. Rev. D 109, 035005 (2024).
- R. V. Harlander, S. Liebler, and H. Mantler, Comput. Phys. Commun. 184, 1605 (2013).
- R. V. Harlander, S. Liebler, and H. Mantler, Comput. Phys. Commun. 212, 239 (2017).
- Search for dilepton resonances from decays of (pseudo)scalar bosons produced in association with a massive vector boson or top quark anti–top quark pair at , Report No. CMS-PAS-EXO-21-018, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, 2022.
- A. Tumasyan et al. (CMS Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 110, 012013 (2024).
- A. Hayrapetyan et al. (CMS Collaboration), J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2025) 178.
- A. Hayrapetyan et al. (CMS Collaboration), arXiv:2506.23012.
- M. Cepeda et al., CERN Yellow Rep. Monogr. 7, 221 (2019).