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Black hole entropy bounded by the specific heat

Kai-Peng Lu1,* and H. Lü1,2,†

  • 1Center for Joint Quantum Studies, Department of Physics, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
  • 2The International Joint Institute of Tianjin University, Fuzhou, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China

  • *Contact author: kaipenglu@tju.edu.cn
  • †Contact author: mrhonglu@gmail.com

Phys. Rev. D 112, 084030 – Published 14 October, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/3hqz-45z5

Abstract

We propose new bounds on black hole entropy in terms of the specific heat at fixed charges. For special spherically symmetric and static black holes (gttgrr=−1), we prove the bounds with suitable sufficient energy conditions. For more general static and rotating black holes, we test the bounds with a variety of examples. This work extends the previously known algebraic inequalities of the black hole thermodynamic variables such as the Penrose inequality, to include their derivatives.

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