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    Homogeneity scale in the local Universe: Model-independent estimate from S-PLUS iDR6 blue galaxies

    Camila Franco*, Felipe Avila†, Armando Bernui‡, and E. Telles

    Ulisses Ribeiro and Clécio R. Bom§

    Arianna Cortesi

    W. Schoenell

    T. Ribeiro

    A. Kanaan

    C. Mendes de Oliveira

    • Observatório Nacional, Rua General José Cristino, 77, São Cristóvão, 20921-400, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    • Rubin Observatory Project Office, 950 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA

    • *Contact author: camilafranco@on.br
    • †Contact author: felipeavila@on.br
    • ‡Contact author: bernui@on.br
    • §Contact author: debom@cbpf.br

    Phys. Rev. D 114, 083504 – Published 5 October, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/382j-p22b

    Abstract

    We present a model-independent estimate of the angular homogeneity scale in the local Universe by analyzing data from the Southern Photometric Local Universe Survey (S-PLUS). Two complementary estimators are employed: (i) a parametric approach fitting the power-law of the two-point angular correlation function, which yields the homogeneity scale θH=8.94−3.38+1.20  deg; and (ii) a nonparametric fractal correlation dimension method, computing D2(θ) directly from the correlation function, which results in θH=7.91−2.94+5.50  deg. We apply both methodologies to a set of mock catalogs, generated with the Generator for Large Scale Structure algorithm, and find that both estimates are well within 1σ of their respective median values. The transition scale to homogeneity, according to the Λ cold dark matter (CDM) model, is defined for matter, i.e., b=1. Measurements of this scale with observational data clearly depend on the cosmic tracer analyzed, and a calibration is necessary. Our study with blue galaxies, with bias b≃1, provides a suitable estimate for comparison. Indeed, the results obtained in both approaches are compared with the value expected in the ΛCDM model, obtaining a good concordance.

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