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Comprehensive survey of hybrid equations of state in neutron star mergers and constraints on the hadron-quark phase transition

Sebastian Blacker1,2 and Andreas Bauswein2,3

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Phys. Rev. D 112, 123041 – Published 23 December, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/31yz-4vnv

Abstract

We perform an extensive study of equation of state (EoS) models featuring a phase transition from hadronic to quark matter in neutron star merger simulations. We employ three different hadronic EoSs, a constant speed of sound parametrization for the quark phase and a Maxwell construction to generate a large sample of hybrid EoS models. We systematically vary the onset density and density jump of the phase transition as well as the quark matter stiffness and simulate binary neutron star mergers to infer how the properties of the phase transition affect the gravitational-wave signal. In total we simulate mergers with 245 different hybrid EoS models. In particular, we explore in which scenarios a phase transition would be detectable by a characteristically increased postmerger gravitational-wave frequency compared to an estimate from the inspiral signal assuming a purely hadronic EoS. We find that the density jump at the transition (latent heat) has the largest impact on the gravitational-wave frequencies, while the influence of the stiffness of quark matter is smaller. We quantify which range of phase transition properties would be compatible with a certain magnitude or absence of the gravitational-wave postmerger frequency shift. By means of these dependencies, a future detection will thus directly yield constraints on the allowed features of the hadron-quark phase transition.

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Phys. Rev. D 112, 123041– Published 23 December, 2025
  • Received 21 June 2024
  • Accepted 10 December 2025
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