- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review D

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

Distinguishing prompt-collapse binary neutron star mergers from binary black holes: Tidal effects and remnant properties

Arnab Dhani1,2,3,*, Alessandro Camilletti4,5,6, David Radice2,3,7,†, Rahul Kashyap8,2,3, Bangalore Sathyaprakash2,3,9, Domenico Logoteta10,11, and Albino Perego4,5

  • *Contact author: arnab.dhani@aei.mpg.de
  • †Alfred P. Sloan fellow.
PDF

Phys. Rev. D 112, 124003 – Published 1 December, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/2yng-9l9s

Abstract

We study the properties of remnants formed in prompt-collapse binary neutron star mergers. We consider nonspinning neutron star binaries over a range of total masses and mass ratios across a set of 22 equations of state, totaling 107 numerical relativity simulations. We report the final mass and spin of the systems (including the accretion disk and ejecta) to be constrained in a narrow range—0.98≲Mf/M≲0.99 for the mass and 0.85≲af≲0.95 for the dimensionless spin—regardless of the binary configuration and matter effects. This sets them apart from binary black hole merger remnants. We assess the detectability of the postmerger signal in a future 40 km Cosmic Explorer observatory and find that the signal-to-noise ratio in the postmerger of an optimally located and oriented binary at a distance of 100 Mpc can range from <1 to 8, depending on the binary configuration and equation of state, with a majority of them greater than 4 in the set of simulations that we consider. We also consider the distinguishability between prompt-collapse binary neutron star and binary black hole mergers with the same masses and spins. We find that Cosmic Explorer will be able to distinguish such systems primarily via the measurement of tidal effects in the late inspiral. Neutron star binaries with reduced tidal deformability Λ˜ as small as ∼3.5 can be identified up to a distance of 100 Mpc, while neutron star binaries with Λ˜∼22 can be identified to distances greater than 250 Mpc. This is larger than the distance up to which the postmerger will be visible. Finally, we discuss the possible implications of our findings for the equation of state of neutron stars from the gravitational wave event GW230529.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (103)

  1. B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration), Observation of gravitational waves from a binary black hole merger, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 061102 (2016).
  2. R. Abbott et al. (KAGRA Collaboration, VIRGO Collaboration, and LIGO Scientific Collaboration), GWTC-3: Compact binary coalescences observed by LIGO and Virgo during the second part of the third observing run, Phys. Rev. X 13, 041039 (2023).
  3. R. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration, VIRGO Collaboration, and KAGRA Collaboration), Tests of general relativity with GWTC-3, arXiv:2112.06861.
  4. B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration), Tests of general relativity with GW170817, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 011102 (2019).
  5. B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific, Virgo, 1M2H, Dark Energy Camera GW-E, DES, DLT40, Las Cumbres Observatory, VINROUGE, and MASTER Collaborations), A gravitational-wave standard siren measurement of the Hubble constant, Nature (London) 551, 85 (2017).
  6. R. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, and KAGRA Collaboration), Constraints on the cosmic expansion history from GWTC–3, Astrophys. J. 949, 76 (2023).
  7. B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration), Model comparison from LIGO–Virgo data on GW170817’s binary components and consequences for the merger remnant, Classical Quantum Gravity 37, 045006 (2020).
  8. J. Aasi et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration), Advanced LIGO, Classical Quantum Gravity 32, 074001 (2015).
  9. F. Acernese et al. (VIRGO Collaboration), Advanced Virgo: A second-generation interferometric gravitational wave detector, Classical Quantum Gravity 32, 024001 (2015).
  10. T. Akutsu et al. (KAGRA Collaboration), KAGRA: 2.5 generation interferometric gravitational wave detector, Nat. Astron. 3, 35 (2019).
  11. D. Reitze et al., Cosmic explorer: The U.S. contribution to gravitational-wave astronomy beyond LIGO, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 51, 035 (2019).
  12. M. Punturo et al., The third generation of gravitational wave observatories and their science reach, Classical Quantum Gravity 27, 084007 (2010).
  13. R. X. Adhikari et al. (LIGO Collaboration), A cryogenic silicon interferometer for gravitational-wave detection, Classical Quantum Gravity 37, 165003 (2020).
  14. S. Borhanian and B. S. Sathyaprakash, Listening to the Universe with next generation ground-based gravitational-wave detectors, Phys. Rev. D 110, 083040 (2024).
  15. F. Iacovelli, M. Mancarella, S. Foffa, and M. Maggiore, Forecasting the detection capabilities of third-generation gravitational-wave detectors using GWFAST, Astrophys. J. 941, 208 (2022).
  16. A. Abac et al., The science of the Einstein telescope, arXiv:2503.12263.
  17. M. Punturo et al., The Einstein telescope: A third-generation gravitational wave observatory, Classical Quantum Gravity 27, 194002 (2010).
  18. M. Evans et al., A horizon study for cosmic explorer: Science, observatories, and community, arXiv:2109.09882.
  19. I. Gupta et al., Characterizing gravitational wave detector networks: from A♯ to cosmic explorer, Classical Quantum Gravity 41, 245001 (2024).
  20. M. Branchesi et al., Science with the Einstein telescope: A comparison of different designs, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 07 (2023) 068.
  21. M. Evans et al., Cosmic explorer: A submission to the NSF MPSAC ngGW subcommittee, arXiv:2306.13745.
  22. S. Khan, S. Husa, M. Hannam, F. Ohme, M. Pürrer, X. Jiménez Forteza, and A. Bohé, Frequency-domain gravitational waves from nonprecessing black-hole binaries. II. A phenomenological model for the advanced detector era, Phys. Rev. D 93, 044007 (2016).
  23. R. Huxford, R. Kashyap, S. Borhanian, A. Dhani, I. Gupta, and B. S. Sathyaprakash, Accuracy of neutron star radius measurement with the next generation of terrestrial gravitational-wave observatories, Phys. Rev. D 109, 103035 (2024).
  24. B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration), GW170817: Observation of gravitational waves from a binary neutron star inspiral, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 161101 (2017).
  25. B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration), GW190425: Observation of a compact binary coalescence with total mass ∼3.4M⊙, Astrophys. J. Lett. 892, L3 (2020).
  26. B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific, Virgo, Fermi GBM, INTEGRAL, IceCube, AstroSat Cadmium Zinc Telluride Imager Team, IPN, Insight-Hxmt, ANTARES, Swift, AGILE Team, 1M2H Team, Dark Energy Camera GW-EM, DES, DLT40, GRAWITA, Fermi-LAT, ATCA, ASKAP, Las Cumbres Observatory Group, OzGrav, DWF (Deeper Wider Faster Program), AST3, CAASTRO, VINROUGE, MASTER, J-GEM, GROWTH, JAGWAR, CaltechNRAO, TTU-NRAO, NuSTAR, Pan-STARRS, MAXI Team, TZAC Consortium, KU, Nordic Optical Telescope, ePESSTO, GROND, Texas Tech University, SALT Group, TOROS, BOOTES, MWA, CALET, IKI-GW Follow-up, H.E.S.S., LOFAR, LWA, HAWC, Pierre Auger, ALMA, Euro VLBI Team, Pi of Sky, Chandra Team at McGill University, DFN, ATLAS Telescopes, High Time Resolution Universe Survey, RIMAS, RATIR, and SKA South Africa/MeerKAT Collaborations), Multi-messenger observations of a binary neutron star merger, Astrophys. J. Lett. 848, L12 (2017).
  27. J. M. Lattimer, The nuclear equation of state and neutron star masses, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 62, 485 (2012).
  28. S. A. Hughes and K. Menou, Golden binaries for LISA: Robust probes of strong-field gravity, Astrophys. J. 623, 689 (2005).
  29. A. Ghosh et al., Testing general relativity using golden black-hole binaries, Phys. Rev. D 94, 021101 (2016).
  30. A. Gupta et al., Possible causes of false general relativity violations in gravitational wave observations, SciPost Phys. Community Rep. 5 (2024).
  31. F. Zappa, S. Bernuzzi, D. Radice, A. Perego, and T. Dietrich, Gravitational-wave luminosity of binary neutron stars mergers, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 111101 (2018).
  32. M. Shibata, K. Taniguchi, and K. Uryu, Merger of binary neutron stars with realistic equations of state in full general relativity, Phys. Rev. D 71, 084021 (2005).
  33. A. Perego, D. Logoteta, D. Radice, S. Bernuzzi, R. Kashyap, A. Das, S. Padamata, and A. Prakash, Probing the incompressibility of nuclear matter at ultrahigh density through the prompt collapse of asymmetric neutron star binaries, Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 032701 (2022).
  34. K. Hotokezaka, K. Kyutoku, H. Okawa, M. Shibata, and K. Kiuchi, Binary neutron star mergers: Dependence on the nuclear equation of state, Phys. Rev. D 83, 124008 (2011).
  35. A. Bauswein, T. W. Baumgarte, and H. T. Janka, Prompt merger collapse and the maximum mass of neutron stars, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 131101 (2013).
  36. M. Agathos, F. Zappa, S. Bernuzzi, A. Perego, M. Breschi, and D. Radice, Inferring prompt black-hole formation in neutron star mergers from gravitational-wave data, Phys. Rev. D 101, 044006 (2020).
  37. S. Köppel, L. Bovard, and L. Rezzolla, A general-relativistic determination of the threshold mass to prompt collapse in binary neutron star mergers, Astrophys. J. Lett. 872, L16 (2019).
  38. A. Bauswein, S. Blacker, V. Vijayan, N. Stergioulas, K. Chatziioannou, J. A. Clark, N.-U. F. Bastian, D. B. Blaschke, M. Cierniak, and T. Fischer, Equation of state constraints from the threshold binary mass for prompt collapse of neutron star mergers, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 141103 (2020).
  39. A. Bauswein, S. Blacker, G. Lioutas, T. Soultanis, V. Vijayan, and N. Stergioulas, Systematics of prompt black-hole formation in neutron star mergers, Phys. Rev. D 103, 123004 (2021).
  40. R. Kashyap et al., Numerical relativity simulations of prompt collapse mergers: Threshold mass and phenomenological constraints on neutron star properties after GW170817, Phys. Rev. D 105, 103022 (2022).
  41. M. Kölsch, T. Dietrich, M. Ujevic, and B. Bruegmann, Investigating the mass-ratio dependence of the prompt-collapse threshold with numerical-relativity simulations, Phys. Rev. D 106, 044026 (2022).
  42. K. A. Çokluk, K. Yakut, and B. Giacomazzo, General relativistic simulations of high-mass binary neutron star mergers: Rapid formation of low-mass stellar black holes, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 527, 8043 (2023).
  43. F. Özel and P. Freire, Masses, radii, and the equation of state of neutron stars, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 54, 401 (2016).
  44. A. Camilletti, L. Chiesa, G. Ricigliano, A. Perego, L. C. Lippold, S. Padamata, S. Bernuzzi, D. Radice, D. Logoteta, and F. M. Guercilena, Numerical relativity simulations of the neutron star merger GW190425: Microphysics and mass ratio effects, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 516, 4760 (2022).
  45. R. Dudi, A. Adhikari, B. Brügmann, T. Dietrich, K. Hayashi, K. Kawaguchi, K. Kiuchi, K. Kyutoku, M. Shibata, and W. Tichy, Investigating GW190425 with numerical-relativity simulations, Phys. Rev. D 106, 084039 (2022).
  46. A. Dhani, D. Radice, J. Schütte-Engel, S. Gardner, B. Sathyaprakash, D. Logoteta, A. Perego, and R. Kashyap, Prospects for direct detection of black hole formation in neutron star mergers with next-generation gravitational-wave detectors, Phys. Rev. D 109, 044071 (2024).
  47. S. Banik, M. Hempel, and D. Bandyopadhyay, New hyperon equations of state for supernovae and neutron stars in density-dependent hadron field theory, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 214, 22 (2014).
  48. I. Bombaci and D. Logoteta, Equation of state of dense nuclear matter and neutron star structure from nuclear chiral interactions, Astron. Astrophys. 609, A128 (2018).
  49. D. Logoteta, A. Perego, and I. Bombaci, Microscopic equation of state of hot nuclear matter for numerical relativity simulations, Astron. Astrophys. 646, A55 (2021).
  50. D. Logoteta, I. Bombaci, and A. Perego, Isoentropic equations of state of β-stable hadronic matter with a quark phase transition, Eur. Phys. J. A 58, 55 (2022).
  51. S. Typel, G. Ropke, T. Klahn, D. Blaschke, and H. H. Wolter, Composition and thermodynamics of nuclear matter with light clusters, Phys. Rev. C 81, 015803 (2010).
  52. M. Hempel and J. Schaffner-Bielich, Statistical model for a complete supernova equation of state, Nucl. Phys. A837, 210 (2010).
  53. J. M. Lattimer and F. D. Swesty, A generalized equation of state for hot, dense matter, Nucl. Phys. A535, 331 (1991).
  54. A. W. Steiner, M. Hempel, and T. Fischer, Core-collapse supernova equations of state based on neutron star observations, Astrophys. J. 774, 17 (2013).
  55. F. Douchin and P. Haensel, A unified equation of state of dense matter and neutron star structure, Astron. Astrophys. 380, 151 (2001).
  56. A. S. Schneider, L. F. Roberts, and C. D. Ott, Open-source nuclear equation of state framework based on the liquid-drop model with Skyrme interaction, Phys. Rev. C 96, 065802 (2017).
  57. A. S. Schneider, L. F. Roberts, C. D. Ott, and E. O’connor, Equation of state effects in the core collapse of a 20−M⊙ star, Phys. Rev. C 100, 055802 (2019).
  58. M. Alford, M. Braby, M. W. Paris, and S. Reddy, Hybrid stars that masquerade as neutron stars, Astrophys. J. 629, 969 (2005).
  59. N. K. Glendenning and S. A. Moszkowski, Reconciliation of neutron star masses and binding of the lambda in hypernuclei, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 2414 (1991).
  60. B. D. Lackey, M. Nayyar, and B. J. Owen, Observational constraints on hyperons in neutron stars, Phys. Rev. D 73, 024021 (2006).
  61. J. S. Read, B. D. Lackey, B. J. Owen, and J. L. Friedman, Constraints on a phenomenologically parameterized neutron-star equation of state, Phys. Rev. D 79, 124032 (2009).
  62. F. J. Fattoyev, C. J. Horowitz, J. Piekarewicz, and B. Reed, GW190814: Impact of a 2.6 solar mass neutron star on the nucleonic equations of state, Phys. Rev. C 102, 065805 (2020).
  63. A. Bauswein, H.-T. Janka, and R. Oechslin, Testing approximations of thermal effects in neutron star merger simulations, Phys. Rev. D 82, 084043 (2010).
  64. A. Endrizzi, D. Logoteta, B. Giacomazzo, I. Bombaci, W. Kastaun, and R. Ciolfi, Effects of chiral effective field theory equation of state on binary neutron star mergers, Phys. Rev. D 98, 043015 (2018).
  65. A. Figura, J.-J. Lu, G. F. Burgio, Z.-H. Li, and H.-J. Schulze, Hybrid equation of state approach in binary neutron-star merger simulations, Phys. Rev. D 102, 043006 (2020).
  66. A. Gonzalez et al., Second release of the CoRe database of binary neutron star merger waveforms, Classical Quantum Gravity 40, 085011 (2023).
  67. E. Gourgoulhon, P. Grandclement, K. Taniguchi, J.-A. Marck, and S. Bonazzola, Quasiequilibrium sequences of synchronized and irrotational binary neutron stars in general relativity: 1. Method and tests, Phys. Rev. D 63, 064029 (2001).
  68. D. Radice and L. Rezzolla, THC: A new high-order finite-difference high-resolution shock-capturing code for special-relativistic hydrodynamics, Astron. Astrophys. 547, A26 (2012).
  69. D. Radice, L. Rezzolla, and F. Galeazzi, Beyond second-order convergence in simulations of binary neutron stars in full general-relativity, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 437, L46 (2014).
  70. D. Radice, L. Rezzolla, and F. Galeazzi, High-order fully general-relativistic hydrodynamics: New approaches and tests, Classical Quantum Gravity 31, 075012 (2014).
  71. D. Radice, L. Rezzolla, and F. Galeazzi, High-order numerical-relativity simulations of binary neutron stars, ASP Conf. Ser. 498, 121 (2015).
  72. R. Haas et al., The einstein toolkit (2022), to find out more, visit http://einsteintoolkit.org.
  73. E. Schnetter, S. H. Hawley, and I. Hawke, Evolutions in 3-D numerical relativity using fixed mesh refinement, Classical Quantum Gravity 21, 1465 (2004).
  74. C. Reisswig, R. Haas, C. D. Ott, E. Abdikamalov, P. Mösta, D. Pollney, and E. Schnetter, Three-dimensional general-relativistic hydrodynamic simulations of binary neutron star coalescence and stellar collapse with multipatch grids, Phys. Rev. D 87, 064023 (2013).
  75. M. J. Berger and J. Oliger, Adaptive mesh refinement for hyperbolic partial differential equations, J. Comput. Phys. 53, 484 (1984).
  76. M. J. Berger and P. Colella, Local adaptive mesh refinement for shock hydrodynamics, J. Comput. Phys. 82, 64 (1989).
  77. T. Damour, A. Nagar, D. Pollney, and C. Reisswig, Energy versus angular momentum in black hole binaries, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 131101 (2012).
  78. F. Zappa (Private communication).
  79. A. Dhani, A. Camilletti, A. L. De Santis, A. Cozzumbo, D. Radice, D. Logoteta, A. Perego, J. Harms, and M. Branchesi, Direct measurement of the accretion disk formed in prompt collapse mergers with future gravitational-wave observatories, arXiv:2507.14071.
  80. E. Berti, V. Cardoso, J. A. Gonzalez, U. Sperhake, M. Hannam, S. Husa, and B. Bruegmann, Inspiral, merger and ringdown of unequal mass black hole binaries: A multipolar analysis, Phys. Rev. D 76, 064034 (2007).
  81. S. Bernuzzi, D. Radice, C. D. Ott, L. F. Roberts, P. Moesta, and F. Galeazzi, How loud are neutron star mergers?, Phys. Rev. D 94, 024023 (2016).
  82. M. Boyle et al., The SXS Collaboration catalog of binary black hole simulations, Classical Quantum Gravity 36, 195006 (2019).
  83. M. A. Scheel et al., The SXS Collaboration’s third catalog of binary black hole simulations, Classical Quantum Gravity 42, 195017 (2025).
  84. A. G. Abac et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration, KAGRA Collaboration, and VIRGO Collaboration), Observation of gravitational waves from the coalescence of a 2.5–4.5M⊙ compact object and a neutron star, Astrophys. J. Lett. 970, L34 (2024).
  85. P. Mahapatra, D. Chattopadhyay, A. Gupta, F. Antonini, M. Favata, B. S. Sathyaprakash, and K. G. Arun, Possible binary neutron star merger history of the primary of GW230529, Phys. Rev. D 111, 123030 (2025).
  86. R. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration), GWTC-2: Compact binary coalescences observed by LIGO and Virgo during the first half of the third observing run, Phys. Rev. X 11, 021053 (2021).
  87. T. Dietrich, T. Hinderer, and A. Samajdar, Interpreting binary neutron star mergers: Describing the binary neutron star dynamics, modelling gravitational waveforms, and analyzing detections, Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 53, 27 (2021).
  88. B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration), Tests of general relativity with GW150914, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 221101 (2016); B. P. Abbott (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration)121, 129902(E) (2018).
  89. S. Husa, S. Khan, M. Hannam, M. Pürrer, F. Ohme, X. Jiménez Forteza, and A. Bohé, Frequency-domain gravitational waves from nonprecessing black-hole binaries. I. New numerical waveforms and anatomy of the signal, Phys. Rev. D 93, 044006 (2016).
  90. M. Hannam, P. Schmidt, A. Bohé, L. Haegel, S. Husa, F. Ohme, G. Pratten, and M. Pürrer, Simple model of complete precessing black-hole-binary gravitational waveforms, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 151101 (2014).
  91. T. Dietrich, A. Samajdar, S. Khan, N. K. Johnson-McDaniel, R. Dudi, and W. Tichy, Improving the NRTidal model for binary neutron star systems, Phys. Rev. D 100, 044003 (2019).
  92. G. Ashton et al., bilby: A user-friendly Bayesian inference library for gravitational-wave astronomy, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 241, 27 (2019).
  93. I. M. Romero-Shaw et al., Bayesian inference for compact binary coalescences with bilby: Validation and application to the first LIGO–Virgo gravitational-wave transient catalogue, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 499, 3295 (2020).
  94. J. Buchner, A. Georgakakis, K. Nandra, L. Hsu, C. Rangel, M. Brightman, A. Merloni, M. Salvato, J. Donley, and D. Kocevski, X-ray spectral modelling of the AGN obscuring region in the CDFS: Bayesian model selection and catalogue, Astron. Astrophys. 564, A125 (2014).
  95. M. Kesden, Can binary mergers produce maximally spinning black holes?, Phys. Rev. D 78, 084030 (2008).
  96. D. A. Hemberger, G. Lovelace, T. J. Loredo, L. E. Kidder, M. A. Scheel, B. Szilágyi, N. W. Taylor, and S. A. Teukolsky, Final spin and radiated energy in numerical simulations of binary black holes with equal masses and equal, aligned or anti-aligned spins, Phys. Rev. D 88, 064014 (2013).
  97. N. Andersson and K. Glampedakis, A Superradiance resonance cavity outside rapidly rotating black holes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 4537 (2000).
  98. W. Kastaun, F. Galeazzi, D. Alic, L. Rezzolla, and J. A. Font, Black hole from merging binary neutron stars: How fast can it spin?, Phys. Rev. D 88, 021501 (2013).
  99. R. Dudi, T. Dietrich, A. Rashti, B. Bruegmann, J. Steinhoff, and W. Tichy, High-accuracy simulations of highly spinning binary neutron star systems, Phys. Rev. D 105, 064050 (2022).
  100. S. D. Tootle, L. J. Papenfort, E. R. Most, and L. Rezzolla, Quasi-universal behavior of the threshold mass in unequal-mass, spinning binary neutron star mergers, Astrophys. J. Lett. 922, L19 (2021).
  101. L. J. Papenfort, E. R. Most, S. Tootle, and L. Rezzolla, Impact of extreme spins and mass ratios on the post-merger observables of high-mass binary neutron stars, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 513, 3646 (2022).
  102. S. Rosswog, P. Diener, F. Torsello, T. M. Tauris, and N. Sarin, Mergers of double NSs with one high-spin component: Brighter kilonovae and fallback accretion, weaker gravitational waves, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 530, 2336 (2024).
  103. B. Karakas, R. Matur, and M. Ruffert, Effect of spin in binary neutron star mergers, arXiv:2405.13687.

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. D 112, 124003– Published 1 December, 2025
  • Received 3 August 2025
  • Accepted 27 October 2025
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Open access publication funded by the Max Planck Society.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation