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Measuring the muon content of inclined air showers using AERA and the water-Cherenkov detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory

A. Abdul Halim13, P. Abreu70, M. Aglietta53,51, I. Allekotte1, K. Almeida Cheminant78,77, A. Almela7,12, R. Aloisio44,45, J. Alvarez-Muñiz76, A. Ambrosone44 et al. (The Pierre Auger Collaboration*)

A. Ambrosone44, J. Ammerman Yebra76, G. A. Anastasi57,46, L. Anchordoqui83, B. Andrada7, L. Andrade Dourado44,45, S. Andringa70, L. Apollonio58,48, C. Aramo49, E. Arnone62,51, J. C. Arteaga Velázquez66, P. Assis70, G. Avila11, E. Avocone56,45, A. Bakalova31, F. Barbato44,45, A. Bartz Mocellin82, J. A. Bellido13, C. Berat35, M. E. Bertaina62,51, M. Bianciotto62,51, P. L. Biermanna, V. Binet5, K. Bismark38,7, T. Bister77,78, J. Biteau36,i, J. Blazek31, J. Blümer40, M. Boháčová31, D. Boncioli56,45, C. Bonifazi8, L. Bonneau Arbeletche22, N. Borodai68, J. Brackf, P. G. Brichetto Orchera7,40, F. L. Briechle41, A. Bueno75, S. Buitink15, M. Buscemi46,57, M. Büsken38,7, A. Bwembya77,78, K. S. Caballero-Mora65, S. Cabana-Freire76, L. Caccianiga58,48, F. Campuzano6, J. Caraça-Valente82, R. Caruso57,46, A. Castellina53,51, F. Catalani19, G. Cataldi47, L. Cazon76, M. Cerda10, B. Čermáková40, A. Cermenati44,45, J. A. Chinellato22, J. Chudoba31, L. Chytka32, R. W. Clay13, A. C. Cobos Cerutti6, R. Colalillo59,49, R. Conceição70, G. Consolati48,54, M. Conte55,47, F. Convenga44,45, D. Correia dos Santos27, P. J. Costa70, C. E. Covault81, M. Cristinziani43, C. S. Cruz Sanchez3, S. Dasso4,2, K. Daumiller40, B. R. Dawson13, R. M. de Almeida27, E.-T. de Boone43, B. de Errico27, J. de Jesús7, S. J. de Jong77,78, J. R. T. de Mello Neto27, I. De Mitri44,45, J. de Oliveira18, D. de Oliveira Franco42, F. de Palma55,47, V. de Souza20, E. De Vito55,47, A. Del Popolo57,46, O. Deligny33, N. Denner31, L. Deval53,51, A. di Matteo51, C. Dobrigkeit22, J. C. D’Olivo67, L. M. Domingues Mendes16,70, Q. Dorosti43, J. C. dos Anjos16, R. C. dos Anjos26, J. Ebr31, F. Ellwanger40, R. Engel38,40, I. Epicoco55,47, M. Erdmann41, A. Etchegoyen7,12, C. Evoli44,45, H. Falcke77,79,78, G. Farrar85, A. C. Fauth22, T. Fehler43, F. Feldbusch39, A. Fernandes70, M. Fernandez14, B. Fick84, J. M. Figueira7, P. Filip38,7, A. Filipčič74,73, T. Fitoussi40, B. Flaggs87, T. Fodran77, A. Franco47, M. Freitas70, T. Fujii86,h, A. Fuster7,12, C. Galea77, B. García6, C. Gaudu37, P. L. Ghia33, U. Giaccari47, F. Gobbi10, F. Gollan7, G. Golup1, M. Gómez Berisso1, P. F. Gómez Vitale11, J. P. Gongora11, J. M. González1, N. González7, D. Góra68, A. Gorgi53,51, M. Gottowik40, F. Guarino59,49, G. P. Guedes23, L. Gülzow40, S. Hahn38, P. Hamal31, M. R. Hampel7, P. Hansen3, V. M. Harvey13, A. Haungs40, T. Hebbeker41, C. Hojvatd, J. R. Hörandel77,78, P. Horvath32, M. Hrabovský32, T. Huege40,15, A. Insolia57,46, P. G. Isar72, M. Ismaiel77,78, P. Janecek31, V. Jilek31, K.-H. Kampert37, B. Keilhauer40, A. Khakurdikar77, V. V. Kizakke Covilakam7,40, H. O. Klages40, M. Kleifges39, J. Köhler40, F. Krieger41, M. Kubatova31, N. Kunka39, B. L. Lago17, N. Langner41, N. Leal7, M. A. Leigui de Oliveira25, Y. Lema-Capeans76, A. Letessier-Selvon34, I. Lhenry-Yvon33, L. Lopes70, J. P. Lundquist73, M. Mallamaci60,46, D. Mandat31, P. Mantschd, F. M. Mariani58,48, A. G. Mariazzi3, I. C. Mariş14, G. Marsella60,46, D. Martello55,47, S. Martinelli40,7, M. A. Martins76, H.-J. Mathes40, J. Matthewsg, G. Matthiae61,50, E. Mayotte82, S. Mayotte82, P. O. Mazurd, G. Medina-Tanco67, J. Meinert37, D. Melo7, A. Menshikov39, C. Merx40, S. Michal31, M. I. Micheletti5, L. Miramonti58,48, M. Mogarkar68, S. Mollerach1, F. Montanet35, L. Morejon37, K. Mulrey77,78, R. Mussa51, W. M. Namasaka37, S. Negi31, L. Nellen67, K. Nguyen84, G. Nicora9, M. Niechciol43, D. Nitz84, D. Nosek30, A. Novikov87, V. Novotny30, L. Nožka32, A. Nucita55,47, L. A. Núñez29, J. Ochoa7,40, C. Oliveira20, L. Östman31, M. Palatka31, J. Pallotta9, S. Panja31, G. Parente76, T. Paulsen37, J. Pawlowsky37, M. Pech31, J. Pȩkala68, R. Pelayo64, V. Pelgrims14, L. A. S. Pereira24, E. E. Pereira Martins38,7, C. Pérez Bertolli7,40, L. Perrone55,47, S. Petrera44,45, C. Petrucci56, T. Pierog40, M. Pimenta70, M. Platino7, B. Pont77, M. Pourmohammad Shahvar60,46, P. Privitera86, C. Priyadarshi68, M. Prouza31, K. Pytel69, S. Querchfeld37, J. Rautenberg37, D. Ravignani7, J. V. Reginatto Akim22, A. Reuzki41, J. Ridky31, F. Riehn76,j, M. Risse43, V. Rizi56,45, E. Rodriguez7,40, G. Rodriguez Fernandez50, J. Rodriguez Rojo11, S. Rossoni42, M. Roth40, E. Roulet1, A. C. Rovero4, A. Saftoiu71, M. Saharan77, F. Salamida56,45, H. Salazar63, G. Salina50, P. Sampathkumar40, N. San Martin82, J. D. Sanabria Gomez29, F. Sánchez7, E. M. Santos21, E. Santos31, F. Sarazin82, R. Sarmento70, R. Sato11, P. Savina44,45, V. Scherini55,47, H. Schieler40, M. Schimassek33, M. Schimp37, D. Schmidt40, O. Scholten15,b, H. Schoorlemmer77,78, P. Schovánek31, F. G. Schröder87,40, J. Schulte41, T. Schulz31, S. J. Sciutto3, M. Scornavacche7, A. Sedoski7, A. Segreto52,46, S. Sehgal37, S. U. Shivashankara73, G. Sigl42, K. Simkova15,14, F. Simon39, R. Šmída86, P. Sommerse, R. Squartini10, M. Stadelmaier40,48,58, S. Stanič73, J. Stasielak68, P. Stassi35, S. Strähnz38, M. Straub41, T. Suomijärvi36, A. D. Supanitsky7, Z. Svozilikova31, K. Syrokvas30, Z. Szadkowski69, F. Tairli13, M. Tambone59,49, A. Tapia28, C. Taricco62,51, C. Timmermans78,77, O. Tkachenko31, P. Tobiska31, C. J. Todero Peixoto19, B. Tomé70, A. Travaini10, P. Travnicek31, M. Tueros3, M. Unger40, R. Uzeiroska37, L. Vaclavek32, M. Vacula32, I. Vaiman44,45, J. F. Valdés Galicia67, L. Valore59,49, P. van Dillen77,78, E. Varela63, V. Vašíčková37, A. Vásquez-Ramírez29, D. Veberič40, I. D. Vergara Quispe3, S. Verpoest87, V. Verzi50, J. Vicha31, J. Vink80, S. Vorobiov73, J. B. Vuta31, C. Watanabe27, A. A. Watsonc, A. Weindl40, M. Weitz37, L. Wiencke82, H. Wilczyński68, B. Wundheiler7, B. Yue37, A. Yushkov31, E. Zas76, D. Zavrtanik73,74, and M. Zavrtanik74,73 (The Pierre Auger Collaboration*)

  • 1Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
  • 2Departamento de Física and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • 3IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
  • 4Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • 5Instituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR)—CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas U.N.R., Rosario, Argentina
  • 6Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), and Universidad Tecnológica Nacional—Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, Argentina
  • 7Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • 8International Center of Advanced Studies and Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, ECyT-UNSAM and CONICET, Campus Miguelete—San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • 9Laboratorio Atmósfera—Departamento de Investigaciones en Láseres y sus Aplicaciones—UNIDEF (CITEDEF-CONICET), Argentina
  • 10Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
  • 11Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
  • 12Universidad Tecnológica Nacional—Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • 13University of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., Australia
  • 14Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
  • 15Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
  • 16Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
  • 17Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca, Petropolis, Brazil
  • 18Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Brazil
  • 19Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Lorena, SP, Brazil
  • 20Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
  • 21Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
  • 22Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), IFGW, Campinas, SP, Brazil
  • 23Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
  • 24Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Centro de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Campina Grande, Brazil
  • 25Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
  • 26Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Palotina, Brazil
  • 27Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
  • 28Universidad de Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
  • 29Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
  • 30Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
  • 31Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
  • 32Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
  • 33CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
  • 34Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
  • 35University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
  • 36Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
  • 37Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, Germany
  • 38Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
  • 39Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
  • 40Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany
  • 41RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
  • 42Universität Hamburg, II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Hamburg, Germany
  • 43Universität Siegen, Department Physik—Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
  • 44Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila, Italy
  • 45INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L’Aquila), Italy
  • 46INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
  • 47INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
  • 48INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
  • 49INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
  • 50INFN, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Roma, Italy
  • 51INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
  • 52Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo (INAF), Palermo, Italy
  • 53Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy
  • 54Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Aerospaziali, Milano, Italy
  • 55Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi,” Lecce, Italy
  • 56Università dell’Aquila, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L’Aquila, Italy
  • 57Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Ettore Majorana,” Catania, Italy
  • 58Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy
  • 59Università di Napoli “Federico II,” Dipartimento di Fisica “Ettore Pancini,” Napoli, Italy
  • 60Università di Palermo, Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica ”E. Segrè,” Palermo, Italy
  • 61Università di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Dipartimento di Fisica, Roma, Italy
  • 62Università Torino, Dipartimento di Fisica, Torino, Italy
  • 63Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
  • 64Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (UPIITA-IPN), México, D.F., México
  • 65Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México
  • 66Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
  • 67Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., México
  • 68Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
  • 69University of Łódź, Faculty of High-Energy Astrophysics,Łódź, Poland
  • 70Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa—UL, Lisboa, Portugal
  • 71“Horia Hulubei” National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
  • 72Institute of Space Science, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
  • 73Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology (CAC), University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
  • 74Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
  • 75Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, Spain
  • 76Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
  • 77IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
  • 78Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
  • 79Stichting Astronomisch Onderzoek in Nederland (ASTRON), Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
  • 80Universiteit van Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
  • 81Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
  • 82Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
  • 83Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
  • 84Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
  • 85New York University, New York, New York, USA
  • 86University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
  • 87University of Delaware, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, Newark, Delaware, USA

  • *Contact author: spokespersons@auger.org; http://www.auger.org.
  • aMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany.
  • bAlso at Kapteyn Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
  • cSchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
  • dFermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA.
  • ePennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
  • fColorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
  • gLouisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
  • hPresent address: Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan.
  • iInstitut universitaire de France (IUF), France.
  • jPresent address: Technische Universität Dortmund and Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Dortmund and Bochum, Germany.
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Phys. Rev. D 112, 123042 – Published 23 December, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/2q9f-pbrp

Abstract

We present a novel approach for assessing the muon content of air showers with large zenith angles on a combined analysis of their radio emission and particle footprint. We use the radiation energy reconstructed by the Auger engineering radio array (AERA) as an energy estimator and determine the muon number independently with the water-Cherenkov detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory, deployed on a 1500 m grid. We focus our analysis on air showers with primary energy above 4 EeV to ensure full detection efficiency. Over approximately ten years of accumulated data, we identify a set of 40 high-quality events that are used in the analysis. The estimated muon contents in data are compatible with those for iron primaries as predicted by current-generation hadronic interaction models. This result can be interpreted as a deficit of muons in simulations as a lighter mass composition has been established from Xmax measurements. This muon deficit was already observed in previous analyses of the Auger Collaboration and is confirmed using hybrid events that include radio measurements for the first time.

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Phys. Rev. D 112, 123042– Published 23 December, 2025
  • Received 2 July 2025
  • Accepted 31 October 2025
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