Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

Holographic TT¯ deformation of the entanglement entropy in (A)dS3/CFT2

Jing-Cheng Chang1,2,3,*, Song He4,5,6,7,†, Yu-Xiao Liu1,2,3,‡, and Long Zhao6,§

  • *Contact author: 120220908561@lzu.edu.cn
  • †Contact author: hesong@nbu.edu.cn
  • ‡Contact author: liuyx@lzu.edu.cn
  • §Contact author: zhaolong@jlu.edu.cn

Phys. Rev. D 112, 026013 – Published 8 July, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/21wr-76pq

Abstract

In recent years, the holographic duality between TT¯-deformed conformal field theory (CFT) and Anti-de Sitter (AdS) spacetime with finite radial cutoff has received significant attention. The study of TT¯ deformation within the framework of de Sitter (dS)/CFT duality has also progressed. This paper shows that the trace flow equation in dS spacetime can be analytically extended from its AdS counterpart through double Wick rotations. Meanwhile, we generalize the replica method in both AdS and dS holography to derive a general expression for the entanglement entropy of arbitrary single spatial intervals within the TT¯-deformed framework. For both finite size and finite temperature systems, we obtain the analytical expression for the entanglement entropy after TT¯ deformation. Finally, in dS/dS holography and half-dS holography, we find that the dual field theory exhibits nonlocality by analyzing the strong subadditivity and boosted strong subadditivity of entanglement entropy.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (120)

  1. F. A. Smirnov and A. B. Zamolodchikov, On space of integrable quantum field theories, Nucl. Phys. B915, 363 (2017).
  2. A. Cavaglià, S. Negro, I. M. Szécsényi, and R. Tateo, TT¯-deformed 2D quantum field theories, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2016) 112.
  3. A. B. Zamolodchikov, Expectation value of composite field TT¯ in two-dimensional quantum field theory, arXiv:hep-th/0401146.
  4. Y. Jiang, Expectation value of TT¯ operator in curved spacetimes, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2020) 094.
  5. J. M. Maldacena, The large N limit of superconformal field theories and supergravity, Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 2, 231 (1998).
  6. S. S. Gubser, I. R. Klebanov, and A. M. Polyakov, Gauge theory correlators from noncritical string theory, Phys. Lett. B 428, 105 (1998).
  7. E. Witten, Anti-de Sitter space and holography, Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 2, 253 (1998).
  8. L. McGough, M. Mezei, and H. Verlinde, Moving the CFT into the bulk with TT¯, J. High Energy Phys. 04 (2018) 010.
  9. P. Kraus, J. Liu, and D. Marolf, Cutoff AdS3 versus the TT¯ deformation, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2018) 027.
  10. S. He, Y. Li, Y.-Z. Li, and Y. Zhang, Holographic torus correlators of stress tensor in AdS3/CFT2, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2023) 116.
  11. S. He, Y.-Z. Li, and Y. Zhang, Holographic torus correlators in AdS3 gravity coupled to scalar field, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2024) 254.
  12. S. He, Y. Li, Y.-Z. Li, and Y. Zhang, Note on holographic torus stress tensor correlators in AdS3 gravity, arXiv:2405.01255.
  13. S. He, Y.-Z. Li, and Y. Xie, Holographic stress tensor correlators on higher genus Riemann surfaces, arXiv:2406.04042.
  14. V. E. Hubeny, M. Rangamani, and T. Takayanagi, A Covariant holographic entanglement entropy proposal, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2007) 062.
  15. S. Ryu and T. Takayanagi, Holographic derivation of entanglement entropy from AdS/CFT, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 181602 (2006).
  16. B. Chen, L. Chen, and P.-X. Hao, Entanglement entropy in TT¯-deformed CFT, Phys. Rev. D 98, 086025 (2018).
  17. H.-S. Jeong, K.-Y. Kim, and M. Nishida, Entanglement and Rényi entropy of multiple intervals in TT¯-deformed CFT and holography, Phys. Rev. D 100, 106015 (2019).
  18. Y. Jiang, A pedagogical review on solvable irrelevant deformations of 2D quantum field theory, Commun. Theor. Phys. 73, 057201 (2021).
  19. K. Allameh, A. F. Astaneh, and A. Hassanzadeh, Aspects of holographic entanglement entropy for TT¯-deformed CFTs, Phys. Lett. B 826, 136914 (2022).
  20. M. R. Setare and S. N. Sajadi, Holographic entanglement entropy in TT¯-deformed CFTs, Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 54, 85 (2022).
  21. M. He and Y. Sun, Holographic entanglement entropy in TT¯-deformed AdS3, Nucl. Phys. B990, 116190 (2023).
  22. L. Apolo, P.-X. Hao, W.-X. Lai, and W. Song, Extremal surfaces in glue-on AdS/TT¯ holography, J. High Energy Phys. 01 (2024) 054.
  23. L. Apolo, P.-X. Hao, W.-X. Lai, and W. Song, Glue-on AdS holography for TT¯-deformed CFTs, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2023) 117.
  24. S. Dutta and T. Faulkner, A canonical purification for the entanglement wedge cross-section, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2021) 178.
  25. Y. Nakata, T. Takayanagi, Y. Taki, K. Tamaoka, and Z. Wei, New holographic generalization of entanglement entropy, Phys. Rev. D 103, 026005 (2021).
  26. D. Basu and V. Raj, Reflected entropy and timelike entanglement in TT¯ deformed CFT2s, arXiv:2402.07253.
  27. S. He, J. Yang, Y.-X. Zhang, and Z.-X. Zhao, Pseudoentropy of primary operators in TT¯/JT¯-deformed CFTs, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2023) 025.
  28. S. He and H. Shu, Correlation functions, entanglement and chaos in the TT¯/JT¯-deformed CFTs, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2020) 088.
  29. M. Asrat and J. Kudler-Flam, TT¯, the entanglement wedge cross section, and the breakdown of the split property, Phys. Rev. D 102, 045009 (2020).
  30. S. Khoeini-Moghaddam, F. Omidi, and C. Paul, Aspects of hyperscaling violating geometries at finite cutoff, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2021) 121.
  31. Y. Li and Y. Zhou, Cutoff AdS3 versus TT¯ CFT2 in the large central charge sector: Correlators of energy-momentum tensor, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2020) 168.
  32. H.-S. Jeong, W.-B. Pan, Y.-W. Sun, and Y.-T. Wang, Holographic study of TT¯ like deformed HV QFTs: Holographic entanglement entropy, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2023) 018.
  33. M. He, J. Hou, and Y. Jiang, TT¯-deformed entanglement entropy for IQFT, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2024) 056.
  34. J. Tian, On-shell action of TT¯-deformed holographic CFTs. arXiv:2306.01258.
  35. D. Basu, Lavish, and B. Paul, Entanglement negativity in TT¯-deformed CFT2s, Phys. Rev. D 107, 126026 (2023).
  36. D. Basu, S. Biswas, A. Dey, B. Paul, and G. Sengupta, Odd entanglement entropy in TT¯ deformed CFT2s and holography, Phys. Rev. D, 108, 126013 (2023).
  37. M. He, One-loop partition functions in TT¯-deformed AdS3, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2024) 067.
  38. E. Tsolakidis, Massive gravity generalization of TT¯ deformations, arXiv:2405.07967.
  39. H. Babaei-Aghbolagh, S. He, T. Morone, H. Ouyang, and R. Tateo, Geometric formulation of generalized root-TT¯ deformations, Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 111602 (2024).
  40. S. He, Y. Li, H. Ouyang, and Y. Sun, TT¯ deformation: Introduction and some recent advances, arXiv:2503.09997.
  41. M. He, Root-TT¯ deformed CFT partition functions at large central charge, arXiv:2505.12093.
  42. E. Witten, Quantum gravity in de Sitter space, arXiv:hep-th/0106109.
  43. J. M. Maldacena, Non-Gaussian features of primordial fluctuations in single field inflationary models, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2003) 013.
  44. D. Anninos, F. Denef, and D. Harlow, Wave function of Vasiliev’s universe: A few slices thereof, Phys. Rev. D 88, 084049 (2013).
  45. M. Miyaji and T. Takayanagi, Surface/state correspondence as a generalized holography, Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys. 2015, 073B03 (2015).
  46. K. Narayan, On extremal surfaces and de Sitter entropy, Phys. Lett. B 779, 214 (2018).
  47. Y. Hikida, T. Nishioka, T. Takayanagi, and Y. Taki, Holography in de Sitter Space via Chern-Simons gauge theory, Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 041601 (2022).
  48. H.-Y. Chen and Y. Hikida, Three-dimensional de Sitter holography and bulk correlators at late time, Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 061601 (2022).
  49. J.-C. Chang, S. He, Y.-X. Liu, and L. Zhao, Island formula in Planck brane, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2023) 006.
  50. H.-Y. Chen, Y. Hikida, Y. Taki, and T. Uetoko, Complex saddles of three-dimensional de Sitter gravity via holography, Phys. Rev. D 107, L101902 (2023).
  51. K. Doi, N. Ogawa, K. Shinmyo, Y.-k. Suzuki, and T. Takayanagi, Probing de Sitter space using CFT states, arXiv:2405.14237.
  52. A. Strominger, The dS/CFT correspondence, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2001) 034.
  53. A. Strominger, Inflation and the dS/CFT correspondence, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2001) 049.
  54. D. Anninos, T. Hartman, and A. Strominger, Higher spin realization of the dS/CFT correspondence, Classical Quantum Gravity 34, 015009 (2017).
  55. G. S. Ng and A. Strominger, State/operator correspondence in higher-spin dS/CFT, Classical Quantum Gravity 30, 104002 (2013).
  56. Y. Hikida, T. Nishioka, T. Takayanagi, and Y. Taki, CFT duals of three-dimensional de Sitter gravity, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2022) 129.
  57. K. Doi, J. Harper, A. Mollabashi, T. Takayanagi, and Y. Taki, Pseudoentropy in dS/CFT and timelike entanglement entropy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 031601 (2023).
  58. K. Narayan, Extremal surfaces in de Sitter spacetime, Phys. Rev. D 91, 126011 (2015).
  59. K. Narayan, De Sitter space and extremal surfaces for spheres, Phys. Lett. B 753, 308 (2016).
  60. K. Narayan, On dS4 extremal surfaces and entanglement entropy in some ghost CFTs, Phys. Rev. D 94, 046001 (2016).
  61. K. Narayan, De Sitter space, extremal surfaces, and time entanglement, Phys. Rev. D 107, 126004 (2023).
  62. K. Narayan, Further remarks on de Sitter space, extremal surfaces, and time entanglement, Phys. Rev. D 109, 086009 (2024).
  63. Y. Sato, Comments on entanglement entropy in the dS/CFT correspondence, Phys. Rev. D 91, 086009 (2015).
  64. M. Alishahiha, A. Karch, E. Silverstein, and D. Tong, The dS/dS correspondence, AIP Conf. Proc. 743, 393 (2004).
  65. M. Alishahiha, A. Karch, and E. Silverstein, Hologravity, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2005) 028.
  66. X. Dong, E. Silverstein, and G. Torroba, De Sitter holography and entanglement entropy, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2018) 050.
  67. H. Geng, S. Grieninger, and A. Karch, Entropy, entanglement and swampland bounds in DS/dS, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2019) 105.
  68. H. Geng, Some information theoretic aspects of de-Sitter holography, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2020) 005.
  69. H. Geng, Non-local entanglement and fast scrambling in de-Sitter holography, Ann. Phys. (N.Y.) 426, 168402 (2021).
  70. H. Geng, Y. Nomura, and H.-Y. Sun, Information paradox and its resolution in de Sitter holography, Phys. Rev. D 103, 126004 (2021).
  71. T. Kawamoto, S.-M. Ruan, Y.-k. Suzuki, and T. Takayanagi, A half de Sitter holography, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2023) 137.
  72. D. Chen, X. Jiang, and H. Yang, Holographic TT¯ deformed entanglement entropy in dS3/CFT2, arXiv:2307.04673.
  73. G. Araujo-Regado, R. Khan, and A. C. Wall, Cauchy slice holography: A new AdS/CFT dictionary, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2023) 026.
  74. G. Araujo-Regado, Holographic cosmology on closed slices in 2+1 dimensions, arXiv:2212.03219.
  75. V. Gorbenko, E. Silverstein, and G. Torroba, dS/dS and TT¯, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2019) 085.
  76. V. Shyam, TT¯+Λ2 deformed CFT on the stretched dS3 horizon, J. High Energy Phys. 04 (2022) 052.
  77. E. Coleman, E. A. Mazenc, V. Shyam, E. Silverstein, R. M. Soni, G. Torroba, and Sungyeon Yang, De Sitter microstates from TT¯+Λ2 and the Hawking-Page transition, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2022) 140.
  78. G. Torroba, TT¯+Λ2 from a 2d gravity path integral, J. High Energy Phys. 01 (2023) 163.
  79. G. Batra, G. B. De Luca, E. Silverstein, G. Torroba, and S. Yang, Bulk-local dS3 holography: The matter with TT¯+Λ2, arXiv:2403.01040.
  80. P. Calabrese and J. Cardy, Entanglement entropy and conformal field theory, J. Phys. A 42, 504005 (2009).
  81. W. Donnelly and V. Shyam, Entanglement entropy and TT¯ deformation, Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 131602 (2018).
  82. P. Caputa, S. Datta, and V. Shyam, Sphere partition functions & cut-off AdS, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2019) 112.
  83. F. Deng, Z. Wang, and Y. Zhou, End of the world brane meets TT¯, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2024) 036.
  84. S. Grieninger, Entanglement entropy and TT¯ deformations beyond antipodal points from holography, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2019) 171.
  85. K. G. Wilson and J. B. Kogut, The renormalization group and the epsilon expansion, Phys. Rep. 12, 75 (1974).
  86. J. Polchinski, Renormalization and effective Lagrangians, Nucl. Phys. B231, 269 (1984).
  87. A. Lewkowycz and J. Maldacena, Generalized gravitational entropy, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2013) 090.
  88. A. Lewkowycz, J. Liu, E. Silverstein, and G. Torroba, TT¯ and EE, with implications for (A)dS subregion encodings, J. High Energy Phys. 04 (2020) 152.
  89. H. Casini, M. Huerta, and R. C. Myers, Towards a derivation of holographic entanglement entropy, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2011) 036.
  90. J. D. Brown and M. Henneaux, Central charges in the canonical realization of asymptotic symmetries: An example from three dimensional gravity, Commun. Math. Phys. 104, 207 (1986).
  91. V. Shyam, Background independent holographic dual to TT¯ deformed CFT with large central charge in 2 dimensions, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2017) 108.
  92. T. Hartman, J. Kruthoff, E. Shaghoulian, and A. Tajdini, Holography at finite cutoff with a T2 deformation, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2019) 004.
  93. V. Balasubramanian and P. Kraus, A stress tensor for Anti-de Sitter gravity, Commun. Math. Phys. 208, 413 (1999).
  94. C. Fefferman and C. R. Graham, Conformal invariants, Astérisque S131, 95 (1985), https://www.numdam.org/item/AST_1985__S131__95_0/.
  95. R. L. Arnowitt, S. Deser, and C. W. Misner, The dynamics of general relativity, Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 40, 1997 (2008).
  96. E. Witten, A note on the canonical formalism for gravity, arXiv:2212.08270.
  97. B. S. DeWitt, Quantum theory of gravity. 1. The canonical theory, Phys. Rev. 160, 1113 (1967).
  98. T. Chakraborty, J. Chakravarty, V. Godet, P. Paul, and S. Raju, The Hilbert space of de Sitter quantum gravity, J. High Energy Phys. 01 (2024) 132.
  99. F. Cianfrani and J. Kowalski-Glikman, Wheeler-DeWitt equation and AdS/CFT correspondence, Phys. Lett. B 725, 463 (2013).
  100. T. Chakraborty, J. Chakravarty, V. Godet, P. Paul, and S. Raju, Holography of information in de Sitter space, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2023) 120.
  101. X. Dong, G. N. Remmen, D. Wang, W. W. Weng, and C.-H. Wu, Holographic entanglement from the UV to the IR, arXiv:2308.07952.
  102. M. Headrick, Entanglement Renyi entropies in holographic theories, Phys. Rev. D 82, 126010 (2010).
  103. L.-Y. Hung, R. C. Myers, M. Smolkin, and A. Yale, Holographic calculations of Renyi entropy, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2011) 047.
  104. H. Casini and M. Huerta, On the RG running of the entanglement entropy of a circle, Phys. Rev. D 85, 125016 (2012).
  105. H. Casini and M. Huerta, A Finite entanglement entropy and the c-theorem, Phys. Lett. B 600, 142 (2004).
  106. E. Barnes, K. A. Intriligator, B. Wecht, and J. Wright, Evidence for the strongest version of the 4d a-theorem, via a-maximization along RG flows, Nucl. Phys. B702, 131 (2004).
  107. S. Gukov, Counting RG flows, J. High Energy Phys. 01 (2016) 020.
  108. A. B. Zamolodchikov, Irreversibility of the flux of the renormalization group in a 2d field theory, JETP Lett. 43, 730 (1986).
  109. J. de Boer, E. P. Verlinde, and H. L. Verlinde, On the holographic renormalization group, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2000) 003.
  110. E. P. Verlinde and H. L. Verlinde, RG flow, gravity and the cosmological constant, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2000) 034.
  111. I. Heemskerk and J. Polchinski, Holographic and Wilsonian renormalization groups, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2011) 031.
  112. T. Nishioka, Entanglement entropy: Holography and renormalization group, Rev. Mod. Phys. 90, 035007 (2018).
  113. S. Grieninger, K. Ikeda, and D. E. Kharzeev, Temporal entanglement entropy as a probe of renormalization group flow, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2024) 030.
  114. H. Kamei, Notes on the exact RG equation and the Wheeler-DeWitt equation, arXiv:2402.16100.
  115. Y. Nakayama, Scale invariance vs conformal invariance, Phys. Rep. 569, 1 (2015).
  116. K. Doi, J. Harper, A. Mollabashi, T. Takayanagi, and Y. Taki, Timelike entanglement entropy, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2023) 052.
  117. M. Banados, C. Teitelboim, and J. Zanelli, The black hole in three-dimensional space-time, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 1849 (1992).
  118. O. Aharony and N. Barel, Correlation functions in TT¯-deformed conformal field theories, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2023) 035.
  119. J.-C. Chang, L. Zhao, Y.-X. Liu, and S. He, Dataset for [the holographic TT¯ deformation of the entanglement entropy in (A)dS3/CFT2], Zenodo, 10.5281/zenodo.15687754 (2025).
  120. E. Witten, APS medal for exceptional achievement in research: Invited article on entanglement properties of quantum field theory, Rev. Mod. Phys. 90, 045003 (2018).

Outline

Information

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation