- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review D

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

Displaced vertex signals of low temperature baryogenesis

Pedro Bittar* and Gustavo Burdman†

  • Department of Mathematical Physics, Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, R. do Matão 1371, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil

  • *Contact author: bittar@if.usp.br
  • †Contact author: gaburdman@usp.br
PDF

Phys. Rev. D 112, 095034 – Published 21 November, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/1tw4-btvy

Abstract

We explore the connection of baryogenesis at temperatures below the electroweak scale and signals for long-lived particles at the LHC. The model features new SM singlets, with a long-lived fermion decaying to quarks to generate the baryon asymmetry. The model avoids strong flavor physics bounds while predicting a rich diquark phenomenology, monojet signals, and displaced vertices. We show how the displaced vertex signals can be probed at the high luminosity LHC. The large transverse production makes a strong physics case for constructing far detector experiments such as MATHUSLA, ANUBIS, and CODEX-b, complementary to the central and forward long-lived particle program.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (60)

  1. A. G. Cohen, D. B. Kaplan, and A. E. Nelson, Progress in electroweak baryogenesis, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 43, 27 (1993).
  2. C. E. M. Wagner, Electroweak baryogenesis and Higgs physics, Lett. High Energy Phys. 2023, 466 (2023).
  3. S. Davidson, E. Nardi, and Y. Nir, Leptogenesis, Phys. Rep. 466, 105 (2008).
  4. R. Allahverdi and A. Mazumdar, A mini review on Affleck-Dine baryogenesis, New J. Phys. 14, 125013 (2012).
  5. S. Dimopoulos and L. J. Hall, Baryogenesis at the MeV Era, Phys. Lett. B 196, 135 (1987).
  6. M. Trodden, Making baryons below the electroweak scale, in 3rd International Conference on Particle Physics and the Early Universe (2000), pp. 398–404, 10.1142/9789812792129_0062.
  7. K. S. Babu, R. N. Mohapatra, and S. Nasri, Post-Sphaleron baryogenesis, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 131301 (2006).
  8. K. S. Babu, R. N. Mohapatra, and S. Nasri, Unified TeV scale picture of baryogenesis and dark matter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 161301 (2007).
  9. K. Kohri, A. Mazumdar, and N. Sahu, Inflation, baryogenesis and gravitino dark matter at ultra low reheat temperatures, Phys. Rev. D 80, 103504 (2009).
  10. R. Allahverdi, B. Dutta, and K. Sinha, Baryogenesis and late-decaying moduli, Phys. Rev. D 82, 035004 (2010).
  11. R. Allahverdi, N. P. D. Loc, and J. K. Osiński, Dark matter and baryogenesis from visible-sector long-lived particles, Phys. Rev. D 107, 123510 (2023).
  12. A. D. Sakharov, Violation of CP invariance, C asymmetry, and baryon asymmetry of the universe, Pis’ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 5, 32 (1967).
  13. MATHUSLA Collaboration, An update to the letter of intent for MATHUSLA: Search for long-lived particles at the HL-LHC, arXiv:2009.01693.
  14. D. Curtin et al., Long-lived particles at the energy frontier: The MATHUSLA physics case, Rep. Prog. Phys. 82, 116201 (2019).
  15. G. Aielli et al., The road ahead for CODEX-b, arXiv:2203.07316.
  16. V. V. Gligorov, S. Knapen, M. Papucci, and D. J. Robinson, Searching for long-lived particles: A compact detector for exotics at LHCb, Phys. Rev. D 97, 015023 (2018).
  17. M. Bauer, O. Brandt, L. Lee, and C. Ohm, ANUBIS: Proposal to search for long-lived neutral particles in CERN service shafts, arXiv:1909.13022.
  18. V. V. Gligorov, S. Knapen, B. Nachman, M. Papucci, and D. J. Robinson, Leveraging the ALICE/L3 cavern for long-lived particle searches, Phys. Rev. D 99, 015023 (2019).
  19. J. L. Feng et al., The forward physics facility at the high-luminosity LHC, J. Phys. G 50, 030501 (2023).
  20. Y. Cui and R. Sundrum, Baryogenesis for weakly interacting massive particles, Phys. Rev. D 87, 116013 (2013).
  21. Y. Cui, Natural baryogenesis from unnatural supersymmetry, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2013) 067.
  22. Y. Cui and B. Shuve, Probing baryogenesis with displaced vertices at the LHC, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2015) 049.
  23. Y. Cui, T. Okui, and A. Yunesi, LHC signatures of WIMP-triggered baryogenesis, Phys. Rev. D 94, 115022 (2016).
  24. S. Ipek and J. March-Russell, Baryogenesis via particle-antiparticle oscillations, Phys. Rev. D 93, 123528 (2016).
  25. K. Aitken, D. McKeen, T. Neder, and A. E. Nelson, Baryogenesis from oscillations of charmed or beautiful baryons, Phys. Rev. D 96, 075009 (2017).
  26. D. McKeen and A. E. Nelson, CP violating baryon oscillations, Phys. Rev. D 94, 076002 (2016).
  27. H. Davoudiasl, D. E. Morrissey, K. Sigurdson, and S. Tulin, Hylogenesis: A unified origin for baryonic visible matter and antibaryonic dark matter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 211304 (2010).
  28. H. Davoudiasl and Y. Zhang, Baryon number violation via Majorana neutrinos in the early universe, at the LHC, and deep underground, Phys. Rev. D 92, 016005 (2015).
  29. J. M. Arnold, B. Fornal, and M. B. Wise, Simplified models with baryon number violation but no proton decay, Phys. Rev. D 87, 075004 (2013).
  30. N. Assad, B. Fornal, and B. Grinstein, Baryon number and lepton universality violation in leptoquark and diquark models, Phys. Lett. B 777, 324 (2018).
  31. C. Cheung and K. Ishiwata, Baryogenesis with higher dimension operators, Phys. Rev. D 88, 017901 (2013).
  32. R. Allahverdi, B. Dutta, and K. Sinha, Cladogenesis: Baryon-dark matter coincidence from branchings in moduli decay, Phys. Rev. D 83, 083502 (2011).
  33. R. Allahverdi and B. Dutta, Natural GeV dark matter and the baryon-dark matter coincidence puzzle, Phys. Rev. D 88, 023525 (2013).
  34. R. Allahverdi, P. S. B. Dev, and B. Dutta, A simple testable model of baryon number violation: Baryogenesis, dark matter, neutron–antineutron oscillation and collider signals, Phys. Lett. B 779, 262 (2018).
  35. G. Elor et al., New ideas in baryogenesis: A snowmass white paper, in Snowmass 2021 (2022), arXiv:2203.05010.
  36. P. Bittar, G. Burdman, and G. M. Salla, Spontaneous breaking of baryon number, baryogenesis and the bajoron, Phys. Rev. D 112, 055039 (2025).
  37. Planck Collaboration, Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters, Astron. Astrophys. 641, A6 (2020).
  38. CMS Collaboration, Search for resonant and nonresonant production of pairs of dijet resonances in proton-proton collisions at s=13  TeV, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2023) 161.
  39. CMS Collaboration, Search for pair-produced resonances decaying to quark pairs in proton-proton collisions at s=13  TeV, Phys. Rev. D 98, 112014 (2018).
  40. ATLAS Collaboration, A search for pair-produced resonances in four-jet final states at s=13  TeV with the ATLAS detector, Eur. Phys. J. C 78, 250 (2018).
  41. CMS Collaboration, Search for narrow and broad dijet resonances in proton-proton collisions at s=13  TeV and constraints on dark matter mediators and other new particles, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2018) 130.
  42. CMS Collaboration, Search for high mass dijet resonances with a new background prediction method in proton-proton collisions at s=13  TeV, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2020) 033.
  43. ATLAS Collaboration, Search for new resonances in mass distributions of jet pairs using 139  fb−1 of pp collisions at s=13  TeV with the ATLAS detector, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2020) 145.
  44. B. Pascual-Dias, P. Saha, and D. London, LHC constraints on scalar diquarks, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2020) 144.
  45. CMS Collaboration, Search for new physics in final states with an energetic jet or a hadronically decaying W or Z boson using 35.9  fb−1 of data at s=13  TeV, Phys. Rev. D 97, 092005 (2018).
  46. ATLAS Collaboration, Search for invisible particles produced in association with single top quarks in proton-proton collisions at s=13  TeV with the ATLAS detector, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2024) 263.
  47. Y. Bai and J. Berger, Fermion portal dark matter, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2013) 171.
  48. B. Dutta, Y. Gao, and T. Kamon, Probing light nonthermal dark matter at the LHC, Phys. Rev. D 89, 096009 (2014).
  49. A. Alloul, N. D. Christensen, C. Degrande, C. Duhr, and B. Fuks, feynrules 2.0—A complete toolbox for tree-level phenomenology, Comput. Phys. Commun. 185, 2250 (2014).
  50. ATLAS Collaboration, Search for long-lived, massive particles in events with displaced vertices and multiple jets in pp collisions at s=13  TeV with the ATLAS detector, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2023) 200.
  51. G. F. Giudice, B. Gripaios, and R. Sundrum, Flavourful production at hadron colliders, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2011) 055.
  52. M. D. Litos, A search for dinucleon decay into kaons using the Super-Kamiokande water Cherenkov detector, Ph.D. thesis, Boston University, 2010.
  53. Super-Kamiokande Collaboration, Review of nucleon decay searches at Super-Kamiokande, in 51st Rencontres de Moriond on EW Interactions and Unified Theories (2016), pp. 437–444, arXiv:1605.03235.
  54. J. L. Goity and M. Sher, Bounds on ΔB=1 couplings in the supersymmetric standard model, Phys. Lett. B 346, 69 (1995).
  55. T. Han, I. Lewis, and Z. Liu, Colored resonant signals at the LHC: Largest rate and simplest topology, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2010) 085.
  56. I. Baldes, N. F. Bell, and R. R. Volkas, Baryon number violating scalar diquarks at the LHC, Phys. Rev. D 84, 115019 (2011).
  57. T. Han, I. M. Lewis, H. Liu, Z. Liu, and X. Wang, A guide to diagnosing colored resonances at hadron colliders, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2023) 173.
  58. E. Golowich, J. A. Hewett, S. Pakvasa, and A. A. Petrov, Implications of D0−D¯0 mixing for new physics, Phys. Rev. D 76, 095009 (2007).
  59. Particle Data Group, Review of particle physics, Phys. Rev. D 110, 030001 (2024).
  60. LHCb Collaboration, Measurement of the charge asymmetry in B±→ϕK± and search for B±→ϕπ± decays, Phys. Lett. B 728, 85 (2014).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. D 112, 095034– Published 21 November, 2025
  • Received 23 October 2024
  • Revised 22 April 2025
  • Accepted 31 October 2025
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation