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    Lense-Thirring precession modulates repeated lensing of continuous gravitational wave sources in AGN disks

    Yu-Zhe Li*, Wen-Long Xu, Yi-Gu Chen, and Wei-Hua Lei†

    • *Contact author: U202215867@hust.edu.cn
    • †Contact author: leiwh@hust.edu.cn

    Phys. Rev. D 113, 043005 – Published 4 February, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/1p77-13n2

    Abstract

    Gravitational lensing of gravitational waves (GWs) offers a novel observational channel that complements traditional electromagnetic approaches and provides unique insights into the astrophysical environments of GW sources. In this work, we investigate the repeated lensing of continuous gravitational wave (CW) sources in active galactic nucleus disks by central supermassive black holes (SMBHs), focusing on the imprint of SMBH spin via the Lense-Thirring effect. Although typically weak and challenging to observe, the spin-induced precession of source orbits can accumulate over time, thereby modulating the lensing geometry. Such modulations influence the magnification, duration, and waveform structure of each repeated lensing event, and enhance the overall probability of lensing occurrences. Using matched filtering, we demonstrate that spin-dependent signatures may be detectable, suggesting that if such repeated lensing of CW signals were to be observed in the future, the framework developed here would offer a means to interpret the associated modulation features and to constrain the underlying system parameters.

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