- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review C

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

Polarization of the ϕ meson in the hadronic phase with nucleon scatterings and a viscous hydrodynamic background

Eduardo Grossi*

Andrea Palermo† and Ismail Zahed‡

  • Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Firenze and INFN Sezione di Firenze, via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy

  • Center for Nuclear Theory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA

  • *Contact author: eduardo.grossi@unifi.it
  • †Contact author: andrea.palermo@stonybrook.edu
  • ‡Contact author: ismail.zahed@stonybrook.edu
PDF

Phys. Rev. C 112, 064910 – Published 16 December, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/w1x1-gkqv

Abstract

We extend our previous work on the spin alignment of the ϕ vector meson in the hadronic phase of the quark gluon plasma, by including effects of nucleon scatterings. The emission rates are calculated in a realistic hydrodynamic background simulated with the code FLUIDuM, for different beam energies. We find that all the effects taken into account cannot explain the out-of-plane spin alignment of the ϕ meson observed experimentally.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (50)

  1. F. Becattini, M. Buzzegoli, T. Niida, S. Pu, A.-H. Tang, and Q. Wang, Int. J. Mod. Phys. E 33, 2430006 (2024).
  2. J.-H. Chen, Z.-T. Liang, Y.-G. Ma, X.-L. Sheng, and Q. Wang, Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 68, 211001 (2025).
  3. M. S. Abdallah et al. (STAR Collaboration), Nature (London) 614, 244 (2023).
  4. S. Acharya et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 012301 (2020).
  5. S. Acharya et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Phys. Lett. B 815, 136146 (2021).
  6. S. Acharya et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 131, 042303 (2023).
  7. Z.-H. Zhang, X.-G. Huang, F. Becattini, and X.-L. Sheng, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2025) 224.
  8. A. Kumar, D.-L. Yang, and P. Gubler, Phys. Rev. D 109, 054038 (2024).
  9. D. Wagner, N. Weickgenannt, and E. Speranza, Phys. Rev. Res. 5, 013187 (2023).
  10. D. Wagner, N. Weickgenannt, and E. Speranza, Phys. Rev. D 108, 116017 (2023).
  11. K. J. Gonçalves, G. Torrieri, and R. Ryblewski, Phys. Rev. C 112, 014901 (2025).
  12. P. H. De Moura, K. J. Goncalves, and G. Torrieri, Phys. Rev. D 108, 034032 (2023).
  13. Y.-G. Yang, R.-H. Fang, Q. Wang, and X.-N. Wang, Phys. Rev. C 97, 034917 (2018).
  14. X.-L. Sheng, L. Oliva, and Q. Wang, Phys. Rev. D 101, 096005 (2020) [105, 099903 (2022)].
  15. X.-L. Xia, H. Li, X.-G. Huang, and H. Zhong Huang, Phys. Lett. B 817, 136325 (2021).
  16. X.-L. Sheng, S.-Y. Yang, Y.-L. Zou, and D. Hou, Eur. Phys. J. C 84, 299 (2024).
  17. H. Li, X.-L. Xia, X.-G. Huang, and H. Z. Huang, Phys. Rev. C 108, 044902 (2023).
  18. X.-L. Sheng, L. Oliva, Z.-T. Liang, Q. Wang, and X.-N. Wang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 131, 042304 (2023).
  19. X.-L. Sheng, S. Pu, and Q. Wang, Phys. Rev. C 108, 054902 (2023).
  20. A. Kumar, B. Müller, and D.-L. Yang, Phys. Rev. D 107, 076025 (2023).
  21. B. Müller and D.-L. Yang, Phys. Rev. D 105, L011901 (2022) [106, 039904 (2022)].
  22. A. Kumar, B. Müller, and D.-L. Yang, Phys. Rev. D 108, 016020 (2023).
  23. D.-L. Yang, Phys. Rev. D 111, 056005 (2025).
  24. Y. Liang and S. Lin, Chin. Phys. C 49, 084105 (2025).
  25. Z. Chen and S. Lin, Phys. Rev. D 111, 074002 (2025).
  26. F. Li and S. Y. F. Liu, arXiv:2206.11890 [nucl-th].
  27. E. Grossi, A. Palermo, and I. Zahed, Phys. Rev. C 111, 014914 (2025).
  28. F. Li, Phys. Rev. C 109, 064916 (2024).
  29. I. W. Park, H. Sako, K. Aoki, P. Gubler, and S. H. Lee, Phys. Rev. D 107, 074033 (2023).
  30. Z.-Y. Sun, Y.-Y. Li, and S. Y. F. Liu, arXiv:2503.13408 [nucl-th].
  31. Y.-L. Yin, W.-B. Dong, J.-Y. Pang, S. Pu, and Q. Wang, Phys. Rev. C 110, 024905 (2024).
  32. Y.-Q. Zhao, X.-L. Sheng, S.-W. Li, and D. Hou, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2024) 070.
  33. X.-L. Sheng, Y.-Q. Zhao, S.-W. Li, F. Becattini, and D. Hou, Phys. Rev. D 110, 056047 (2024).
  34. D.-L. Yang and X. Yao, Phys. Rev. D 110, 074037 (2024).
  35. H. Yamagishi and I. Zahed, Ann. Phys. 247, 292 (1996).
  36. H. Kamano, Phys. Rev. D 81, 076004 (2010).
  37. J. V. Steele, H. Yamagishi, and I. Zahed, Phys. Lett. B 384, 255 (1996).
  38. F. L. Braghin, J. Phys. G 49, 055101 (2022); 50, 119501 (2023).
  39. Y. Liu and I. Zahed, Phys. Rev. D 96, 116021 (2017).
  40. P. D. Group, Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys. 2022, 083C01 (2022).
  41. V. G. J. Stoks and T. A. Rijken, Phys. Rev. C 59, 3009 (1999).
  42. T. A. Rijken, V. G. J. Stoks, and Y. Yamamoto, Phys. Rev. C 59, 21 (1999).
  43. S. Floerchinger, E. Grossi, and J. Lion, Phys. Rev. C 100, 014905 (2019).
  44. D. Devetak, A. Dubla, S. Floerchinger, E. Grossi, S. Masciocchi, A. Mazeliauskas, and I. Selyuzhenkov, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2020) 044.
  45. F. Capellino, A. Dubla, S. Floerchinger, E. Grossi, A. Kirchner, and S. Masciocchi, Phys. Rev. D 108, 116011 (2023).
  46. J. Adam et al. (STAR Collaboration), Phys. Rev. C 102, 034909 (2020).
  47. D. Bollweg, H. T. Ding, J. Goswami, F. Karsch, S. Mukherjee, P. Petreczky, and C. Schmidt, Phys. Rev. D 110, 054519 (2024).
  48. J. S. Moreland, J. E. Bernhard, and S. A. Bass, Phys. Rev. C 92, 011901 (2015).
  49. B. I. Abelev et al. (STAR Collaboration), Phys. Rev. C 79, 064903 (2009).
  50. L. Adamczyk et al. (STAR Collaboration), Phys. Rev. C 93, 021903 (2016).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. C 112, 064910– Published 16 December, 2025
  • Received 1 August 2025
  • Revised 18 September 2025
  • Accepted 20 October 2025
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation