In the first part of our theoretical study of correlated atomic wires on substrates, we introduced lattice models for a one-dimensional quantum wire on a three-dimensional substrate and their approximation by quasi-one-dimensional effective ladder models [Abdelwahab et al., preceding paper, Phys. Rev. B 96, 035445 (2017)]. In this second part, we apply this approach to the case of a correlated wire with a Hubbard-type electron-electron repulsion deposited on an insulating substrate. The ground-state and spectral properties are investigated numerically using the density-matrix renormalization group method and quantum Monte Carlo simulations. As a function of the model parameters, we observe various phases with quasi-one-dimensional low-energy excitations localized in the wire, namely, paramagnetic Mott insulators, Luttinger liquids, and spin-$1/2$ Heisenberg chains. The validity of the effective ladder models is assessed for selected parameters by studying the dependence of results on the number of legs and comparing to the full three-dimensional model. We find that narrow ladder models accurately reproduce the quasi-one-dimensional excitations of the full three-dimensional model but predict only qualitatively whether excitations are localized around the wire or delocalized in the three-dimensional substrate.

We investigate the relation between the Fermi sea (FS) of zero-field carriers in two-dimensional systems and the FS of the corresponding composite fermions which emerge in a high magnetic field at filling $\nu =\frac{1}{2}$, as the kinetic energy dispersion is varied. We study cases both with and without rotational symmetry and find that there is generally no straightforward relation between the geometric shapes and topologies of the two FSs. In particular, we show analytically that the composite Fermi liquid (CFL) is completely insensitive to a wide range of changes to the zero-field dispersion which preserve rotational symmetry, including ones that break the zero-field FS into multiple disconnected pieces. In the absence of rotational symmetry, we show that the notion of “valley pseudospin” in many-valley systems is generically not transferred to the CFL, in agreement with experimental observations. We also discuss how a rotationally symmetric band structure can induce a reordering of the Landau levels, opening interesting possibilities of observing higher-Landau-level physics in the high-field regime.

We present a systematic comparison between guided modes supported by slab waveguides and Bloch surface waves (BSWs) propagating at the surface of truncated periodic multilayers. We show that, contrary to common belief, the best surface field enhancement achievable for guided modes in a slab waveguide is comparable to that observed for BSWs. At the same time, we demonstrate that if one is interested in maximizing the electromagnetic energy density at a generic point of a dielectric planar structure, BSWs are often preferable to modes in which light is confined uniquely by total internal reflection. Since these results are wavelength independent and have been obtained by considering a very wide range of refractive indices of the structure constituent materials, we believe they can prove helpful in the design of future structures for the control and the enhancement of the light-matter interaction.

We investigate the topological protection of surface states in Weyl and nodal-line semimetals by characterizing them as evanescent states when the band structure is extended to complex momenta. We find in this way a sequence of exceptional points—that is, branch points with zero energy in the complex spectrum—allowing us to identify the set of surface states with complex momentum signaling the decay into the 3D semimetal. From this point of view, Weyl and nodal-line semimetals can be classified in two types depending on the way surface states decay. Type A semimetals have surface states with smaller penetration length and oscillating decay while type B semimetals have longer simple exponential decays. The difference between both types reflects in the way the branch cuts in the spectrum accommodate in the complex plane. The stability of the surface states stems in this approach from the complex structure that develops around the exceptional points, with a topological protection which is based on the fact that the branch cuts cannot be closed by small perturbations. We check this property when nodal-line semimetals are placed under circularly polarized light, where we observe that the exceptional points survive the effect of such a perturbation, though appropriate boundary conditions for zero-energy surface states cannot be satisfied in general due to the breakdown of time-reversal invariance by the radiation field.

We investigate second-harmonic generation from anisotropic or longitudinal epsilon-near-zero materials. We find conversion efficiencies well above their isotropic counterparts owing to additional field intensity enhancement provided by the anisotropy. At the same time, anisotropic epsilon-near-zero materials are also less sensitive to the material's losses compared to the isotropic ones. In turn, these improvements become pivotal for epsilon-near-zero materials that do not possess bulk dipole-allowed quadratic nonlinearities. We predict that second-harmonic generation from a Dy:CdO/Si multilayer with longitudinal epsilon-near-zero properties can exceed the conversion efficiency of a homogeneous Dy:CdO slab of equivalent thickness by at least 20 times for almost any angle of incidence.

A density-matrix formalism within the length gauge is developed to calculate the nonlinear response of both doped and undoped biased bilayer graphene at terahertz frequencies. Employing a tight-binding model, we derive an effective two-band Hamiltonian with which we calculate the conduction and valence band dispersion, as well as their respective Bloch states. We then solve for the dynamic equations of the density-matrix elements, allowing for the calculation of the intraband and interband current densities and the transmitted and reflected terahertz fields. We find that the third harmonic amplitude generated for undoped biased bilayer graphene with a gap size of 4 meV is larger than that for monolayer graphene or unbiased bilayer graphene for an incident 1 THz single-cycle pulse with a field amplitude of 2.0 kV/cm. We also find for doped biased bilayer graphene that, although the dispersion becomes highly nonparabolic as a bias is applied, the third harmonic is a maximum when there is no bias and diminishes with an increase in bias.

Considering Rashba quantum wires with a proximity-induced superconducting gap as physical realizations of Majorana bound states and quantum dots, we calculate the overlap of the Majorana wave functions with the local wave functions on the dot. We determine the spin-dependent tunneling amplitudes between these two localized states and show that we can tune into a fully spin polarized tunneling regime by changing the distance between dot and Majorana bound state. Upon directly applying this to the tunneling model Hamiltonian, we calculate the effective magnetic field on the quantum dot flanked by two Majorana bound states. The direction of the induced magnetic field on the dot depends on the occupation of the nonlocal fermion formed from the two Majorana end states which can be used as a readout for such a Majorana qubit.

We study the long-time decay of fourth-order electron spin correlation functions for an isolated singly charged semiconductor quantum dot. The electron spin dynamics is governed by the applied external magnetic field as well as the hyperfine interaction. While the long-time coherent oscillations in the correlation functions can be understood within a semiclassical approach treating the Overhauser field as frozen, the field dependent decay of its amplitude reported in different experiments cannot be explained by the central-spin model indicating the insufficiency of such a description. By incorporating the nuclear Zeeman splitting and the strain induced nuclear-electric quadrupolar interaction, we find the correct crossover from a fast decay in small magnetic fields to a slow exponential asymptotic in large magnetic fields. It originates from a competition between the quadrupolar interaction inducing an enhanced spin decay and the nuclear Zeeman term that suppressed the spin-flip processes. We are able to explain the magnetic field dependency of the characteristic long-time decay time $T_2$ depending on the experimental setups. The calculated asymptotic values of $T_2=3–4\mu \mathrm{s}$ agree qualitatively well with the experimental data.

Graphene exhibits a remarkably high intrinsic nonlinearity that can be pushed even further when the optical frequency is tuned to the plasmon resonances of the material. Atomistic simulations provide an accurate description of these phenomena, although their computational cost is prohibitive for large graphene nanostructures. An alternative formalism consists in relying on classical electromagnetism, using the local nonlinear conductivities extracted from extended graphene. We show that both of these approaches are in excellent agreement for sufficiently large structures (10s nm lateral size) when describing second- and third-harmonic generation, as well as Kerr nonlinearities. Additionally, we exploit an eigenmode decomposition of the optical field in the classical formalism to obtain analytical expressions for the plasmon-driven resonant response of graphene ribbons and finite islands, in excellent agreement with full numerical calculations. This analytical description constitutes a valuable asset to explore nonlinear phenomena in the context of graphene plasmonics and is equally useful to model nonlinearities in other planar plasmonic materials, such as thin metal layers and exfoliated chalcogenides.

Voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) is an efficient way to manipulate the magnetization states in nanomagnets and is promising for low-power spintronic applications. The underlying physical mechanism for VCMA is known to involve a change in the $d$ orbital occupation on the transition-metal interface atoms with an applied electric field. However, a simple qualitative picture of how this occupation controls the magnetocrystalline anisotropy (MCA) and even why in certain cases the MCA has the opposite sign remains elusive. In this paper, we exploit a simple model of orbital populations to elucidate a number of features typical for the interface MCA, and the effect of the electric field on it, for $3d$ transition-metal thin films used in magnetic tunnel junctions. We find that in all considered cases, including the Fe(001) surface, clean $\mathrm{F}{\mathrm{e}}_{1-x}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{o}}_x\left(001\right)/\mathrm{MgO}$ interface, and oxidized Fe(001)/MgO interface, the effects of alloying and the electric field enhance the MCA energy with electron depletion, which is largely explained by the occupancy of the minority-spin $d_{xz,yz}$ orbitals. However, the hole-doped Fe(001) exhibits an inverse VCMA in which the MCA enhancement is achieved when electrons are accumulated at the Fe (001)/MgO interface with the applied electric field. In this regime, we predict a significantly enhanced VCMA that exceeds 1 pJ/Vm. Realizing this regime experimentally may be favorable for the practical purpose of voltage-driven magnetization reversal.

We investigated the time dependence of the magnetic configuration at the mixed magnetic magnetostructural transition in ${\mathrm{Mn}}_3\mathrm{SnC}$. The nonergodic nature of the transition involves the stabilization of a final magnetic configuration that involves additional AF ordering which is not present when the transition is initiated and develops only in time. We show the presence of the nonergodicity over a time scale of about 1 hour by field and time-dependent magnetization studies. Two characteristic times related to the transition are observed. We also study the equilibrium thermodynamics under ergodic conditions by heat capacity studies and determine the entropy-change and the adiabatic temperature change around the transition. We find agreement between the indirect and direct methods in determining the adiabatic temperature change and discuss the influence of nonergodic properties on the magnetocaloric effects.

We present experimental data showing that the equiatomic CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy undergoes two magnetic transformations at temperatures below 100 K while maintaining its fcc structure down to 3 K. The first transition, paramagnetic to spin glass, was detected at 93 K and the second transition of the ferromagnetic type occurred at 38 K. Field-assisted cooling below 38 K resulted in a systematic vertical shift of the hysteresis curves. Strength and direction of the associated magnetization bias was proportional to the strength and direction of the cooling field and shows a linear dependence with a slope of $0.006\pm 0.001 \mathrm{emu}\mathrm{T}$. The local magnetic moments of individual atoms in the CrMnFeCoNi quinary fcc random solid solution were investigated by ab initio (electronic density functional theory) calculations. Results of the numerical analysis suggest that, irrespective of the initial configuration of local magnetic moments, the magnetic moments associated with Cr atoms align antiferromagnetically with respect to a cumulative magnetic moment of their first coordination shell. The ab initio calculations further showed that the magnetic moments of Fe and Mn atoms remain strong (between 1.5 and $2{\mu }_{\mathrm{B}}$), while the local moments of Ni atoms effectively vanish. These results indicate that interactions of Mn- and/or Fe-located moments with the surrounding magnetic structure account for the observed macroscopic magnetization bias.

Focused pulse-laser-induced propagating magnetostatic surface spin waves (MSSWs) were investigated using an all-optical space-time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect microscope in 20-nm-thick permalloy thin films to clarify reciprocity and symmetry of MSSW emission. The microscope setup was constructed with variable direction of the applied magnetic field, and the corresponding angular dependence was examined. MSSWs were reciprocally emitted from the laser spot, in contrast to the nonreciprocal emission obtained by the antenna method. Specifically, the observed excitation amplitude and phase were independent of the propagation and magnetization directions within experimental error. By transforming the data into wave number–frequency space, the MSSW dispersion relation was clearly identified within the wave number of 2–3 rad/$\mu \mathrm{m}$ and frequency of 10 GHz. These observations are consistent with the model of ultrafast modulation of out-of-plane shape magnetic anisotropy inside the focused laser spot. In addition to confirming the symmetric and reciprocal emission of laser-induced MSSWs, the study demonstrated that this technique can provide all-optical microscopic spectroscopy for MSSW in metals, such as Brillouin light-scattering technique.

In order to model a spiral spin state in a thin film, we study a classical Heisenberg model with open boundary conditions. With magnetic field applied in the plane of the film, the spin state becomes ferromagnetic above a critical field that increases with thickness $N$. For a given $N$, the spiral passes through states with $n=n_0$ up to 0 complete periods in steps of 1. These numerical results agree with earlier analytic results in the continuum limit and help explain the susceptibility jumps observed in thin films.

We elucidate the pivotal role of the band structure's orbital content in deciding the type of commensurate magnetic order stabilized within the itinerant scenario of iron pnictides. Recent experimental findings in the tetragonal magnetic phase attest to the existence of the so-called charge and spin ordered density wave over the spin-vortex crystal phase, the latter of which tends to be favored in simplified band models of itinerant magnetism. Here we show that employing a multiorbital itinerant Landau approach based on realistic band structures can account for the experimentally observed magnetic phase, and thus shed light on the importance of the orbital content in deciding the magnetic order. In addition, we remark that the presence of a hole pocket centered at the Brillouin zone's $\mathrm{M}$ point favors a magnetic stripe rather than a tetragonal magnetic phase. For inferring the symmetry properties of the different magnetic phases, we formulate our theory in terms of magnetic order parameters transforming according to irreducible representations of the ensuing $D_{4h}$ point group. The latter method not only provides transparent understanding of the symmetry-breaking schemes but also reveals that the leading instabilities always belong to the $\{A_{1g},B_{1g}\}$ subset of irreducible representations, independently of their $C_2$ or $C_4$ nature.

Metal organic magnets have enormous potential to host a variety of electronic and magnetic phases that originate from a strong interplay between the spin, orbital, and lattice degrees of freedom. We control this interplay in the quantum magnet ${\mathrm{CuF}}_2$(${\mathrm{D}}_2\mathrm{O}$)${}_2\left(\mathrm{pyz}\right)$ by using high pressure to drive the system through structural and magnetic phase transitions. Using neutron scattering, we show that the low pressure state, which hosts a two-dimensional square lattice with spin-wave excitations and a dominant exchange coupling of 0.89 meV, transforms at high pressure into a one-dimensional spin chain hallmarked by a spinon continuum and a reduced exchange interaction of 0.43 meV. This direct microscopic observation of a magnetic dimensional crossover as a function of pressure opens up new possibilities for studying the evolution of fractionalised excitations in low-dimensional quantum magnets and eventually pressure-controlled metal–insulator transitions.

We study theoretically a chain of precessing classical magnetic impurities in an $s$-wave superconductor. Utilizing a rotating wave description, we derive an effective Hamiltonian that describes the emergent Shiba band. We find that this Hamiltonian shows nontrivial topological properties, and we obtain the corresponding topological phase diagrams both numerically and analytically. We show that changing precession frequency offers control over topological phase transitions and the emergence of Majorana bound states. We propose driving the magnetic impurities or magnetic texture into precession by means of spin-transfer torque in a spin Hall setup, and manipulate it using spin superfluidity in the case of planar magnetic order.

The transmission properties of massive particles with pseudospin-one through homogeneous and heterogeneous junctions are studied from an effective spin-orbit Hamiltonian. The addition of a mass term in the Hamiltonian creates an energy band gap with a flat band inside the gap. There are three possible scenarios for the location of the flat band: at the top of the valence band, at the bottom of the conduction band, and at the center of the energy band gap. We have studied how the position of the flat band affects the transmission through a general type of junction. We found that omnidirectional perfect transmission, called super-Klein tunneling, occurs even for massive particles with specific symmetrical conditions in the junction. In all other cases, an angular independent transmission is obtained, which can be considered as an attenuated super-Klein tunnelling. These effects emerge when the junction operates as a Veselago lens under the generalized focusing condition. Furthermore, we found that Klein tunneling is restored in the massless limit. The present findings may have important implications in the development of electronic devices based on quantum optics with massive pseudospin-one particles.