Monte Carlo sampling from a projected entangled-pair state in simulations of quantum annealing in the three-dimensional random Ising model
Phys. Rev. B 114, 245116 – Published 14 October, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/xb18-52hq
Abstract
Quantum annealing with the D-Wave Advantage system in the random Ising model on a cubic lattice is simulated using a three-dimensional tensor network. The Hamiltonian is driven across a quantum phase transition from a paramagnetic phase to a spin-glass phase. The network is represented as a tensor product state, also known, particularly in two dimensions, as a projected entangled-pair state. The annealing procedure is repeated for a range of annealing times in order to test the Kibble-Zurek (KZ) power law governing the residual energy at the end of the annealing ramp. For an infinite lattice with periodic nearest-neighbor random Ising couplings, the final energy is evaluated using a deterministic method. For a finite lattice with open boundaries, we introduce a more efficient Monte Carlo sampling approach. In both cases, the residual energy as a function of annealing time approaches the KZ power law as the annealing time increases.