Exploring Grassmann manifolds in topological systems via quantum distance
Phys. Rev. B 114, 235103 – Published 5 October, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/qdv4-79lc
Abstract
Quantum states defined over a parameter space form a Grassmann manifold. To capture the geometry of the associated gauge structure, gauge-invariant quantities are essential. We employ the projector of a multilevel system to quantify the quantum distance between states. Using the multidimensional scaling method, we transform the quantum distance into a reconstructed manifold embedded in Euclidean space. This approach is demonstrated with examples of topological systems, showcasing their topological features within these manifolds. Our method provides a comprehensive view of the manifold rather than focusing on local properties.