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  • Letter
  • Open Access

Crosscap states and duality of Ising field theory in two dimensions

Yueshui Zhang1, Ying-Hai Wu2, Lei Wang3,4, and Hong-Hao Tu1,*

  • *Contact author: h.tu@lmu.de
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Phys. Rev. B 113, L060412 – Published 27 February, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/41qh-vws4

Abstract

We propose two distinct crosscap states for the two-dimensional (2D) Ising field theory. These two crosscap states, identifying Ising spins or dual spins (domain walls) at antipodal points, are shown to be related via the Kramers-Wannier duality transformation. We derive their Majorana free field representations and extend bosonization techniques to calculate correlation functions of the 2D Ising conformal field theory (CFT) with different crosscap boundaries. Away from criticality, we develop a conformal perturbation theory to calculate the Klein bottle entropy (norm-square of the crosscap overlap) as a universal scaling function [Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 151602 (2023)]. For the Ising field theory, our analytical results support the conjectured monotonicity of the Klein bottle entropy under relevant perturbations. The formalism provides a general framework for studying perturbed 2D CFTs on nonorientable manifolds.

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Phys. Rev. B 113, L060412– Published 27 February, 2026
  • Received 3 November 2024
  • Revised 26 November 2025
  • Accepted 3 February 2026
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Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

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