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    High-fidelity quantum readout processing via an embedded SNAIL amplifier

    Leon Bello4,†, Boris Mesits2,3, Michael Hatridge3, and Hakan E. Türeci1,*

    • *Contact author: tureci@princeton.edu
    • †Present address: School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.

    Phys. Rev. Applied 26, 044036 – Published 13 October, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/nq9c-ftrm

    Abstract

    Scalable, high-fidelity quantum-state readout remains a central challenge in the development of large-scale superconducting quantum processors. Conventional dispersive readout architectures depend on bulky isolators and external amplifiers, introducing significant hardware overhead and limiting opportunities for on-chip information processing. In this work, we propose an approach that embeds a superconducting nonlinear asymmetric inductive element (SNAIL) into the readout chain, enabling coherent and directional processing of readout signals directly on-chip. This embedded SNAIL platform allows frequency-multiplexed resonators to interact through engineered couplings, forming a tunable readout-amplifier-output architecture that can manipulate quantum readout data in situ. Through theoretical modeling and numerical optimization, we show that this platform enhances fidelity, suppresses measurement-induced decoherence, and simplifies hardware complexity. These results establish the hybridized SNAIL as a promising building block for scalable and coherent quantum-state readout in next-generation processors.

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