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Programmable Quantum Matter: Heralding Large Cluster States in Driven Inhomogeneous Spin Ensembles

Pratyush Anand1,2,*, Louis Follet1,2,*, Odiel Hooybergs1,2,3,4,*, and Dirk R. Englund1,2,†

  • *These authors contributed equally to this work.
  • †Contact author: englund@mit.edu
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PRX Quantum 7, 020362 – Published 16 June, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/kb8s-sffj

Abstract

Atom-like emitters in solids have emerged as promising platforms for quantum sensing and information processing. Among the major challenges are inhomogeneities in emitter fine structure, which complicates quantum control. Here, we introduce a framework that leverages this emitter diversity to simplify the experimental resources needed to create optically heralded spin cluster states across Nq emitters from the conventional order O(Nq) to O(1) within ensembles of Nq∼10–100. Specifically, the optimized pulse sequence simultaneously corrects parameter variations (pulse-length error and frequency detuning error), achieving single-qubit gate fidelities exceeding 99.99% for errors (normalized relative to Rabi-drive strength) up to 0.3, while maintaining fidelities above 99% even for errors as large as 0.4. Applying this optimized pulse sequence in the form of a Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) based dynamical decoupling protocol to the dominant noise spectral density of silicon-vacancy centers in diamond, our approach enhances ensemble-average coherence times by more than a factor of 7 relative to interleaved bang-bang-based CPMG. For state-of-the-art dilution refrigeration systems, we further estimate sharply reduced heating when driving a global resonant optimal dynamical decoupling across Nq silicon-vacancy spins, potentially resolving the current trade-off between spin coherence and scaling to Nq≫1. We further introduce a modified single-photon entanglement protocol with an efficient algorithm for deterministic entanglement compilation. Depending on the decoupling window, our method yields order O(102–104) more entanglement links than bang-bang sequences, with theoretical guarantees of order Ω(Nq) unique links—improvable via control-parameter tuning. Our approach thus offers enhanced fidelity, scalability, and robustness. Together, these techniques provide foundational tools—including global unitary control, phase denoising, remote entanglement, and compilation—for scalable quantum computing architectures based on heterogeneous spin ensembles.

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Popular Summary

Quantum computers built from atom-like defects in solids are promising, but these defects are never perfectly identical: each one responds slightly differently to control signals, making it hard to operate many at once. We introduce a framework that flips this problem on its head, using the inherent differences among defects as a resource rather than an obstacle. By designing a single, globally applied control pulse that automatically corrects for variations across an entire ensemble, we reduce the experimental overhead of creating entangled states from scaling with the number of qubits down to a fixed cost, independent of system size. Our approach extends qubit coherence times by more than sevenfold compared to standard techniques while dramatically lowering heat generation in cryogenic systems, two factors that currently limit scaling. These results provide a practical toolkit for building large-scale quantum processors from imperfect solid-state hardware, bringing measurement-based quantum computing closer to reality.

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PRX Quantum 7, 020362– Published 16 June, 2026
  • Received 12 September 2025
  • Accepted 6 May 2026
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