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  • Featured in Physics
  • Open Access

Quantum Science with Arrays of Metastable Helium-3 Atoms

Zheyuan Li1, Rupsa De1, Rishi Sivakumar1,*, William Huie1, Hao-Tian Wei2,3, Justin D. Piel4, Chris H. Greene4,5,†, Kaden R. A. Hazzard2,3,‡, Zoe Z. Yan6,§ et al.

Jacob P. Covey1,7,6,8,¶

  • *Present address: HRL Laboratories, Malibu, California 90265, USA.
  • †Contact author: chgreene@purdue.edu
  • ‡Contact author: kaden.hazzard@gmail.com
  • §Contact author: zzyan@uchicago.edu
  • Contact author: jcovey@uchicago.edu
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PRX Quantum 7, 033011 – Published 8 July, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/hpnb-6ql3

Abstract

The motion of atoms in programmable optical tweezer arrays offers many new opportunities for neutral-atom quantum science. These include inter- and intra-site atom motion for resource-efficient implementations of fermionic and bosonic modes, respectively, as well as tweezer transport for efficient compilation of arbitrary circuits. However, the exploitation of atomic motion for all these purposes and others is limited by the inertia of the atoms. We present a comprehensive architectural blueprint for the use of fermionic metastable helium-3 ( 3He*) atoms—the lightest trappable atomic species—in programmable optical tweezer arrays. This includes a concrete analysis of atomic structure considerations as well as Rydberg-mediated interactions. We show that inter-tweezer hopping of  3He* atoms can be ≳3× faster than previous demonstrations with lithium-6. We also demonstrate a new toolbox for encoding and manipulating qubits directly in the tweezer trap potential, uniquely enabled by the light mass of  3He*. Finally, we provide several examples of new opportunities for fermionic quantum simulation and computation that leverage the transport and inter-tweezer hopping of  3He* atom arrays. These tools present new methods to improve the resource efficiency of neutral-atom quantum science that may also enable quantum simulations of lattice gauge theories and quantum chemistry outside the Born-Oppenheimer approximation.

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synopsis

A Blueprint for a Quantum Simulator Made of Helium Atoms

Published 8 July, 2026

New theoretical work indicates that an array of helium-3 atoms could enable more complex quantum simulations.

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Popular Summary

The motional degree of freedom of atoms in programmable optical tweezer arrays could greatly expand the capabilities of neutral-atom quantum platforms by enabling efficient implementations and compilation of arbitrary circuits using fermionic and bosonic modes. However, the exploitation of atomic motion for all these purposes and others is limited by the inertia of the atoms. This paper presents a comprehensive architectural blueprint for the use of fermionic metastable helium-3 ( 3He*) atoms—the lightest trappable atomic species—in programmable optical tweezer arrays. It is shown that inter-tweezer hopping of  3He* atoms can be ∼3× faster than previous demonstrations with lithium-6. A new toolbox for encoding and manipulating qubits directly in the tweezer trap potential is also demonstrated, which is uniquely enabled by the light mass of  3He*. These tools augment neutral-atom array platforms with faster motional operations and add versatile new designs for efficient quantum computing.

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PRX Quantum 7, 033011– Published 8 July, 2026
  • Received 22 January 2026
  • Accepted 24 April 2026
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