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Tunable and Low-Noise WSe2 Quantum Emitters for Quantum Photonics

Athanasios Paralikis, Paweł Wyborski, Pietro Metuh, Niels Gregersen, and Battulga Munkhbat*

  • *Contact author: bamunk@dtu.dk
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PRX Quantum 6, 040339 – Published 18 November, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/cynh-ql3j

Abstract

Low-noise and tunable single-photon sources are essential components of photonic quantum technologies. However, in WSe2 quantum emitters, charge noise from fluctuations in their local electrostatic environment remains a major obstacle to achieving transform-limited single-photon emission and high photon indistinguishability. Here, we systematically investigate two noise mitigation strategies in hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN): encapsulation and electrostatic biasing. We demonstrate that h-BN encapsulation alone suppresses spectral wandering (from ∼170μeV to ∼40μeV) and narrows emission linewidths (from ∼524μeV to ∼120μeV), while applied bias enables stable Stark tuning over a 280μeV range and further linewidth narrowing down to ∼100μeV, reaching the resolution-limited regime. Time-resolved and second-order correlation measurements confirm stable monoexponential decay and high single-photon purity [g(2)(0)∼0.01] with no observable blinking. To quantify progress toward the transform limit, we define two figures of merit—the linewidth ratio R=Wexp/Wdec and total broadening ΔW=Wexp−Wdec—with both being reduced more than fivefold in optimized devices. These results provide a robust framework for developing and evaluating low-noise, tunable WSe2 quantum emitters, potentially realizing electrically controllable sources of indistinguishable single photons for future photonic quantum technologies.

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Popular Summary

Photons—particles of light—are ideal carriers of quantum information. Unlike electrons, photons travel at the speed of light, interact weakly with their environment, and can be manipulated with the use of well-established optical tools. To build quantum networks or photonic quantum computers, however, we need specialized light sources that emit single photons—one at a time—that are indistinguishable, highly pure, and tunable. Creating such sources in a compact, scalable way remains one of the key challenges in quantum photonics.

Atomically thin semiconductors, such as tungsten diselenide (WSe2), have recently emerged as promising candidates for building quantum light sources. These two-dimensional materials can host tiny quantum emitters capable of producing single photons, even at cryogenic temperatures. However, the performance of these emitters is often limited by charge noise in the environment, which causes spectral instability and broadens the emission lines—an issue that hinders scalability and integration.

In this work, we demonstrate that combining hexagonal boron nitride encapsulation with electrostatic biasing significantly reduces environmental noise and improves emission quality. Our approach yields narrow, tunable, and stable single-photon emission, with linewidths approaching the fundamental resolution limit of our spectrometer. We also report monoexponential decay and high-purity single-photon emission with no blinking or spectral wandering. To benchmark emitter quality, we introduce two intuitive performance metrics that quantify how close we are to ideal, transform-limited photon sources.

Our results represent an advance toward practical, low-noise quantum light sources using two-dimensional materials, laying the groundwork for scalable quantum communication and photonic quantum computing systems.

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PRX Quantum 6, 040339– Published 18 November, 2025
  • Received 20 June 2025
  • Accepted 15 October 2025
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