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  • Open Access

Delocalized Excitation Transfer in Open Quantum Systems with Long-Range Interactions

Diego Fallas Padilla1,2,3,*, Visal So1, Abhishek Menon1, Roman Zhuravel1, Han Pu1, and Guido Pagano1,†

  • *Contact author: difa1788@colorado.edu
  • †Contact author: pagano@rice.edu
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PRX Quantum 6, 040301 – Published 1 October, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/bxwl-sbsn

Abstract

The interplay between coherence and system-environment interactions is at the basis of a wide range of phenomena, from quantum information processing to charge and energy transfer in molecular systems, biomolecules, and photochemical materials. In this work, we use a Frenkel exciton model with long-range interacting qubits coupled to a damped collective bosonic mode to investigate vibrationally assisted transfer processes in donor-acceptor systems featuring internal substructures analogous to light-harvesting complexes. We find that certain delocalized excitonic states maximize the transfer rate and that the entanglement is preserved during the dissipative transfer over a wide range of parameters. We investigate the reduction in transfer caused by static disorder, white noise, and finite temperature and study how transfer efficiency scales as a function of the number of dimerized monomers and the component number of each monomer, finding which excitonic states lead to optimal transfer. Finally, we provide a realistic experimental setting to realize this model in analog trapped-ion quantum simulators. Analog quantum simulation of systems comprising many and increasingly complex monomers could offer valuable insights into the design of light-harvesting materials, particularly in the nonperturbative intermediate parameter regime examined in this study, where classical simulation methods are resource intensive.

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Popular Summary

In many chemical, biological, and physical processes, such as photosynthesis, energy or charge initially absorbed at one site must travel efficiently to another for utilization. The efficiency of this transfer depends not only on the system’s properties, but also on its interaction with the environment. While most of these processes occur at room temperature, quantum effects can still play a crucial role in their efficiency. Here, we introduce a minimal quantum model that captures both the electronic dynamics of energy transfer and the influence of an external environment.

Our results reveal that, beyond simply tuning the parameters of the system and its interaction with the environment, the properties of the initial quantum state are also critical in determining the transfer rate. In particular, preparing certain entangled (delocalized) states of the donor qubits can lead to a faster transfer to the acceptor site, while preserving quantum correlations throughout the process. We studied several schemes with different levels of complexity and found that they share the same qualitative features.

Gaining insights into realistic biochemical transfer processes, such as in light-harvesting complexes, requires simultaneously increasing the number and complexity of sites in the model. This makes the numerical simulation of these systems challenging. Therefore, we propose an experimental implementation in trapped-ion platforms, which can be used to simulate the model’s dynamics in an analog manner.

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Outline

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PRX Quantum 6, 040301– Published 1 October, 2025
  • Received 20 February 2025
  • Revised 3 July 2025
  • Accepted 27 August 2025
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