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Optical and Magnetic Response by Design in GaAs Quantum Dots

Christian Schimpf1,*, Ailton J. Garcia, Jr.2, Zhe X. Koong1, Giang N. Nguyen3, Lukas L. Niekamp3, Martin Hayhurst Appel1, Ahmed Hassanen1,4, James Waller1, Yusuf Karli1 et al.

Saimon Filipe Covra da Silva2,5, Julian Ritzmann6, Hans-Georg Babin6, Andreas D. Wieck6, Anton Pishchagin7, William Hease7, Nico Margaria7, Ti-Huong Au7, Sebastien Boissier7, Martina Morassi8, Aristide Lemaitre8, Pascale Senellart8, Niccolo Somaschi7, Arne Ludwig6, Richard J. Warburton3, Mete Atatüre1, Armando Rastelli2, Michał Gawełczyk9,†, and Dorian A. Gangloff1,‡

  • *Contact author: cs2273@cam.ac.uk
  • †Contact author: michal.gawelczyk@pwr.edu.pl
  • ‡Contact author: dag50@cam.ac.uk
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PRX Quantum 6, 040309 – Published 14 October, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/98cp-1k42

Abstract

Quantum networking technologies use spin qubits and their interface to single photons as core components of a network node. This necessitates the ability to co-design the magnetic- and optical-dipole response of a quantum system—a capability that has been notably absent in solid-state platforms where spin-orbit coupling and the crystalline environment lead to inhomogeneity of electronic g-factors and optically active states. Here, we demonstrate the ability to design both the optical and magnetic response of a solid-state quantum emitter a priori. We show that GaAs quantum dots (QDs), obtained via local droplet etching epitaxy and already known as exceptionally coherent and efficient quantum light sources, also exhibit spin and optical properties that follow directly from assuming the highest possible system symmetry. Our measurements of electron and hole g-tensors—using a new sign-sensitive measurement protocol based on the hyperfine interaction—and of transition dipole moment orientations for charged excitons agree with our predictions from a multiband k⋅p simulation constrained only by a single atomic-force-microscopy reconstruction of QD morphology. This agreement is verified across multiple wavelength-specific growth runs at different facilities within the range of 730 to 790 nm for the exciton emission. Remarkably, our measurements and simulations track the in-plane electron g-factors through a zero-crossing from −0.1 to 0.3 and linear optical dipole moment orientations fully determined by an external magnetic field. The robustness and generality of these results establish a fundamentally new paradigm for solid-state spin-photon interfaces: one in which the properties of a spin qubit and its tunable optical interface can be designed—prior to growth—for a target magnetic and photonic environment, with direct applications to scalable and high-fidelity spin-photon entanglement.

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Popular Summary

The pursuit of practical quantum computing comes with the challenge of interconnecting different quantum systems with each other, analogous to our “classical” internet. The most robust way to share quantum information is in the form of single photons, the smallest packets of light. However, efficiently transferring a bit of quantum information (a “qubit”) from a photon to a stationary quantum node and vice versa remains challenging. The qubit is either lost during the conversion or during storage in the quantum node due to interaction with the environment.

Quantum dots, nanometer-sized structures in a semiconductor chip, are excellent senders and receivers of photon qubits. In the quantum dot the qubit can be stored for extended periods of time in the form of “spin” and can be efficiently converted into a photon. However, predicting the relevant spin and photon properties of the quantum dots before they are made has been a major hurdle to using them in practical technologies.

In this work we provide and verify a recipe for designing spin-based quantum dot systems before production and how to characterize them unambiguously. This is made possible by the high symmetry and material purity of a specific type of quantum dot grown by local droplet etching in GaAs, which result in efficient, reproducible, and predictable spin-photon interfaces. This capability represents an important step toward a large-scale quantum infrastructure: a “quantum internet.”

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PRX Quantum 6, 040309– Published 14 October, 2025
  • Received 3 April 2025
  • Revised 18 July 2025
  • Accepted 2 September 2025
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