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  • Open Access

Mode Multiplexing for Scalable Cavity-Enhanced Operations in Neutral-Atom Arrays

Ziv Aqua1,*, Matthew L. Peters1,*, David C. Spierings1, Guoqing Wang1,2, Edita Bytyqi1, Thomas Propson1, and Vladan Vuletić1,†

  • 1Department of Physics, MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
  • 2International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

  • *These authors contributed equally to this work.
  • †Contact author: vuletic@mit.edu
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PRX Quantum 7, 020334 – Published 21 May, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/4c33-b1dv

Abstract

Neutral-atom arrays provide a versatile platform for quantum information processing. However, in large-scale arrays, efficient photon collection remains a bottleneck for key tasks such as fast, nondestructive qubit readout and remote entanglement distribution. We propose a cavity-based approach that enables fast, parallel operations over many atoms using multiple modes of a single optical cavity. By selectively shifting the relevant atomic transitions, each atom can be coupled to a distinct cavity mode, allowing independent simultaneous processing. We present practical system designs that support cavity-mode multiplexing with up to 50 modes, enabling rapid mid-circuit syndrome extraction and significantly enhancing entanglement distribution rates between remote atom arrays. This approach offers a scalable solution to core challenges in neutral-atom arrays, advancing the development of practical quantum technologies.

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Popular Summary

Neutral-atom arrays are a promising platform for quantum computing, but useful applications will require more qubits and faster operations than current experiments can provide. Optical cavities can help by speeding up qubit measurements and enabling efficient optical links between separate array modules through improved photon collection. So far, however, a single cavity has been limited to handling these tasks one at a time, as all photons are collected through the same cavity mode. This creates a bottleneck for scaling such operations to large arrays. To overcome this limitation, we propose cavity-mode multiplexing, a scheme in which different modes of a single cavity act as independent channels. By selectively coupling atoms to different modes, many cavity-enhanced operations can run in parallel. This approach could extend the benefits of optical cavities to larger neutral-atom arrays in future quantum technologies.

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PRX Quantum 7, 020334– Published 21 May, 2026
  • Received 30 November 2025
  • Accepted 7 April 2026
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